Psychology

Despite attending the same classes, interacting with the same teachers and using the same educational materials, men and women end up receiving totally different educations throughout their educational training. At the time they join elementary classes, girls are as bright, performing as excellent as their male counterparts in almost every field of achievement (Marshall  Reihartz, 1997). However, its worrying that at the time of graduation from college or high school, girls usually show poor performance than the boys. A 1992 American Association of women in University report notes that women were having less positive attention from their teachers unlike the males. The report further indicates that the curriculum in place in the education system then, was male oriented and that gender socialization within institutions of learning is enough evidence that girls are usually shortchanged in educational life (Marshal  Reihartz, 1997).

According to Klein (1985), females are from as early as at the elementary level, made to realize that they are not similar (equal) to the males. Experts warn that lining up or grouping students by gender is enough to communicate that there ought to be different treatments as regards to each sex. For example, when a school administrator fails to address a case of female sexual harassment, then heshe is furthering gender biasness and degradation of the females. Research indicates that many schools tolerate some male behaviors and defend this act with the old saying, boys will be boys. It has been noticed of late that girls are performing exemplary well in educational matters than boys yet classroom experience shows that gender socialization is still in favor of gender inequality (Jones et al, 2000). Teachers have been known to initiate girls socialization focusing on to a feminine ideal. That is, being commented on calmness, cleanliness, quietness and neatness and that popularity counts more than ability and educational performance. On another hand, males are trained to be active, speak up and to reason independently. Males are taunted if they behave in manner similar to females and this communicates a message that to be a girl is worse than to be a boy. A permissive attitude towards female harassment acts such as sexual harassment enhances the notion that girls are inferior (Marshall  Reihartz, 1997).  It is true that, classrooms are microcosms of society, mirroring its strengths and ills alike, it follows that the normal socialization patterns of young children that often lead to distorted perceptions of gender roles are reflected in the classrooms (Jones et al, 2000)   Apart from patterns of socialization, gender biasness extends further into lessons, teacher-student interactions and textbooks.

Interviewing both my parents together, on issues like their marriage and its impact on me and vice versa was a unique idea and all three of us enjoyed this session very much. Though I knew it, after interviewing both my parents together, my belief that they are a very happy couple became even stronger.

I discovered that over the years they have hugely become interdependent on each other. There are certain things like cooking that only my mother can do. So if she is out of town for a couple of days, it is difficult for my father to manage.  Similarly there are certain activities related to the household in which my mother has never taken any interest. Those activities are single-handedly being managed by my father since the very beginning of their married life. A few such activities are bank work, looking after the investment matters, grocery shopping, mowing the lawn etc. My mother articulated her problems when my father has to move out of town even for a couple of days.

Somehow, I didnt find this interdependence on each other a very healthy factor. I feel that the role of a life partner is to provide support to his  her spouse but not make him  her so dependant on oneself that one is not able to cope up with the other ones absence. I reiterated this point in the form of a question to my parents during the interview and both seemed to agree with this viewpoint. My father complained that he had always tried to make my mother involved in bank activities, investment issues, grocery shopping etc., but she never showed an interest in all these. He also pointed out that he had always wanted to be involved in cooking but my mother has always restrained him from doing so because she did not want him to create a mess in the kitchen, whose cleanliness she is very particular about. My mother had no answer to these accusations made by my father, which made it clear that this work divide was created by her. She later added that she will think over this issue and try to change for the better.

Barring this aspect I had a very positive impression of my parents marriage throughout the interview. Until now I had treated them only as my parents but through this interview I got a chance to perceive them as human beings who have a life of their own other than just being my parents. As human beings married to each other, I found them a made for each other couple as they complemented each other in all aspects. They have formed a very beautiful relationship together and just watching their comfort and interaction level with each other during the interview gave me an idea of the warmth of their wonderful relationship. They seemed each others best friends rather than just spouses.

Needless to say, when ones parents share a good relationship with each other, life is like a cakewalk for children. I have seen many children from broken homes. Children who have always seen their parents fighting on trivial matters do not grow up to become happy human beings. They always have some or the other scar on their personality. But I am thankful to God for giving me parents like my mom and dad who have made life so beautiful and secure for me.

Since their marriage is based on love and has a soothing calmness, it has played a very positive role in my personality development. I am very calm and composed from within and my personality oozes out an inner strength that is related to the quality of my excellent family life gifted to me by my parents. I strongly believe that if my parents would have had a troubled marriage I would not have been the individual that I am today. Since there was no trouble at home throughout my childhood, I have lived life to the fullest without any neglect or fear.

However, a good environment at home because of the excellent marriage of my parents has made me accustomed of a cocooned and sheltered life. I think I will not be able to face the hardships boldly as I am not used to the small troubles and tribulations of life. But it is always better to lead a normal life than face troubles in form of fighting parents in childhood. Life throws immense testing times upon us if my parents have managed to be calm without letting me have a feel of those testing times, I think even I will be able to sale across boldly in such situations.

I would like to point out that during their interview they revealed that my siblings and I were a very important binding force for them. My mother said that when we were small both she and my father were young and more hot headed than what they are now. But it was because of us that they were able to get over certain differences in opinion. After our birth, they both started considering themselves first our parents then each others spouse.

My father said that there were many occasions when he used to burst with anger but seeing our innocent faces he used to mellow down because he didnt want to frighten us by fighting with our mother in front of us. Both of them accepted that it was due to us that they got the strength to control their anger. It was our innocent faces that stopped them from being cruel to each other.

They revealed that just like normal couples they had a number of small quarrels but they managed to hide those quarrels from us. Once when they had a fight in front of me, I remember, sobbing out of fear and helplessness. They had felt extremely sorry to have hurt my feelings this way and had mutually decided to keep their childrens interest above their own. My siblings and I have kept them together over the years as they believe that couples can split but parents cant.

This interviewing assignment made me see my parents relationship from a different perspective than what I used to see until now. I was able to look at their lives from an outsiders perspective and not from the perspective of their child. I was really in awe of their integrity of fighting through hard times and fluctuating moods to make me and my siblings feel secure. The interview was a learning experience for me as there were so many things that I had never thought about. It helped me appreciate my parents and respect them even more. The best part is that the professional way in which I conducted the interview, made my parents proud of me. You have become mature and smart, they rejoiced.

Human beings constantly change from conception until death. Mostly due to common psychological and biological make up. Development refers to growth or progression to the stages later in life, in human beings this refers to maturity. Lifespan development refers to cognitive, socioemotional and biological processes from birth to infancy to adolescence followed by adulthood, old age and lastly death. Life span development begins between conception and child birth.

Characteristics of life span development.
Development is dependent on individuals as every individual has unique features.
Development is life long. Each life stage is continuous faced by varying challenges which vary from one individual to another thus there is no age period that is supreme or multidimensional. According to Boyd and Bee (2006), various characteristics set stage for the new born baby as the genetic program without body cell unfolds as the baby emerges in the world. The growing child is also influenced by the world surrounding them leading to alteration in the genetic expression. Development is multidirectional. This means that development is affected by decline or continuous growth.

 Development is plastic and also dynamic. According to Baltes (2006), human beings have the ability to change positively during environmental difficulties in life. Thus they learn modes of compensation and overcoming difficult periods. Baltes, Reese and Lipsett (1980) define genetic and neuronal plasticity as identification of potentialities based on the neuronal development and genetic expression level this includes other parts of the body and structural features of the brain. There is also societal plasticity which refers to differences in the environment and social contexts. This includes social class, ethnicity or migration. Lastly there is behavioral plasticity which is study of psychological functions and characteristics related to levels of learning or research on rate.

Development is contextual in that human development takes place in accordance to the events in their lives and the timing of those events can determine the development of such individuals. Development contextual therefore leads to shaping of an individuals career, way of life and development. Human beings are mostly vulnerable during transition periods from one age group to another. This is so especially if these transitions take place early or are not anticipated.

Development is multidisciplinary and as a result, development entails all the three domains socioeconomic, cognitive and biological and in order for one to be fully developed all the three domains must be functional. There are other disciplines that also contribute heavily to development. These include the political and social environment and the community at large. Development involves growth, maintenance and regulation. Changes taking place in an individual must be interpreted depending on the causes of those changes and the culture. Importance of human development is linked to the understanding of other disciplines and thus modifications taking place in adults is as important as those modifications taking place in childhood. Development is contextual meaning that development proceeds from what is already there thus improving on what we already are.
                                         
Development Domains
Development domains are classes or categories used by scientists. There are three development domains Biological domain involves growth, bodily changes and maturation. Biological domain is also referred to as physical domain which are changes that take place in humans physically especially from childhood to adolescence. Cognitive domain takes place mentally through knowing thus reasoning, perceiving and problem solving as well as imagining occurs (Blumberg and Lori 2004).

 This shows how learning takes place and explains why memory fades or deteriorates as one continues to age. This includes collecting information, sorting the information out thus the data is used to reason and develop thinking skills. Cognitive development has various areas which includes reasoning, information processing, memory, language development and intelligence (Blumberg and Lori 2004).

 Psychological domain entails expectations, emotions, social interactions and personality. This social domain is adjustable depending on the social stratification and social skills and in cases such as developing relationship. According to Boyd and Bee (2006), the above three domains operate together thus affect each other.

Human development ranges from conception to death or end of life. The periods are prenatal, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Prenatal human development is also referred to as antenatal development meaning gestation of the foetus from fertilization until birth during pregnancy. This is commonly referred to as fetal development or embryology. Embryo development or embryogenesis starts after fertilization. During the second trimester, hands and feet are well formed, sebaceous glands are formed and sweat glands and they start functioning. Taste buds, eyes and tongue and mouth are completely formed. During the third and the last trimester, the fetus is fully developed and its eventually expelled from the mothers womb.

 Early childhood. Child development vary from one child to another however all children undergo cognitive, emotional and physical or biological growth. By the time children are about 8 to 10 months, they develop fear due to threats. They also show anxiety when separated from the people they are familiar with (Blumberg and Lori 2004).

Middle childhood. (Children of ages 6-8 years old). These children develop social skills as they interact with the world as they join schools thus mental, physical and social skills develop rapidly. They also become confidence through sports friends and schoolwork. Late childhood. (Ages 10-12).during this period children develop rapid transition from childhood to adolescence. There are noticeable changes do begin to occur as after the age of 13. The children have difficulty with their body image and social skills (Blumberg and Lori 2004).

Adolescence. (Ages 13-19) Adolescence is characterized by sexual maturation, and physical growth. Boys tend to develop slower as compared to girls. They develop sense of identity, independence and ability to make decisions there is also heightened sexual interest. Early adulthood. Early adulthood commences from twenty years to thirty five years. Human beings at this stage are generally in good health and are very active and productive.

Middle adulthood. Middle adulthood is the period between thirty five and fifty five years. This is the period where human beings are most productive. Though aging differs from one person to another, some changes seem to take place in almost all human beings these include loss of skin elasticity, heart rate decreases, strength deteriorate with age. Natural fertility in women ends as menopause takes place during this phase. Late adulthood. Late adulthood is also referred to as old age whereby it is associated with decline of physical. Socioemotional and cognitive faculties. Physically the individuals become deaf, toothless, balding, and lameness. Sexual performance also declines. Sense of smell and taste also decreases. Low stomach acid production .thus there is increased weakness gradually leading to death
Contemporary Concerns Related To Life Span Development

There are various contemporary concerns related to life span development. These include Continuity and discontinuity. Boy and Bee (2006), points out that lifespan development whether changes occurring due to age are as a result of types or kinds. Children progress throughout various stages in life gradually, thus this continuity is viable to change. As a child progresses, the friends change, they develop other habits.

The other major controversy is whether the lifespan of a human being is influenced by the genetics or environment, thus the issue lies in whether the lifespan development of a human being depends on ones genetic make up or its under the influence of the surroundings. Thus is development controlled by nature or nurture While human beings changes are as a result of experiences and genetic factor, every individual is unique in genetic phenotype such as personality, physical characteristics, intelligence and genetic disorders.

Conclusion
Darwin began Lifespan development and it still intrigues both psychologists and scientists today human development domains occur throughout all the periods of human development. However human beings change or develop with age.

In todays high paced hectic world people are constantly faced by one form of stress or the other. This gives rise to a lot of disorders like Schizotypal personality disorder. Blessed are the people who dont suffer any sort of personality disorders, for a disorder can work havoc with our life and our relationships.

Persons having Schizotypal disorder keep away from interpersonal relationship. They are confined to themselves. They do not participate in social events. They feel uncomfortable when they are pushed to certain situations where they have to relate to others. The affected individuals are prone to cognitive and perceptual distortions. This leads to the manifestation of variety of eccentric behaviors that others often find confusing.

We can recognize an individual by his bizarre and eccentric behavior. He is confined to himself and is afraid of interacting with a crowd. They prefer to be inward. They choose to be inside a boundary away from interpersonal relationship. Their activities drift aimlessly. They have odd behavior and thoughts. Their speech is normal and coherent, but they talk about something which is not at all important. The other person may get confused and get bored. Their thought process is weird, suspicious, magical and filled with illusions. This may be due to perception distortion, and not able to mingle socially. The reason could be anxiety that develops due to their chosen isolation.

Symptoms
Wrong interpretation of events.
Affected individuals most of the time do not interpret the correct cause and effect of the situation.
They do not know how their behavior affects others.
These individuals may be superstitious. They are often engaged in these odd beliefs since they find solace in them. This is just to cope with their isolation with the social world.
They feel that they posses certain unusual powers to predict events before it happens.
Such people have odd thinking and speech patterns. Their speaking appears strange in structure and phrasing. There is no proper association of words and ideas. Their ideas may be abstract and very confusing. They can not stick to an ongoing conversation.
They are also very suspicious of others and show extreme distrust towards them.
They arent emotional. They appear to be aloof. They do not seem to enjoy their lives. This may be due to social rejection. They may bundle up their feelings for protective reasons.
They have unusual choice of clothing. Their personal appearance is not appealing. The clothes may be too small or large or unclean.
They choose their immediate family members as friends, and shy away from outsiders.

Onset  Dominance

Schizotypal personality disorder generally begins in early adulthood and may continue throughout life.
Theres no cure for schizotypal personality disorder, but psychotherapy and some medications are there for prevention and help.

There are chances that positive childhood experiences can reduce symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder in affected young people.

Since this disorder tends to become deep rooted as people age, its best to seek treatment as early as possible.

The people suffering from personality disorder usually seek help only at the urging of friends or relatives. Hence, if you find that a friend or a family member is behaving in an abnormal manner then please, look more carefully. They could be suffering from Schizotypal personality disorder. Kind suggestions are required to make the person seek medical attention, starting with a primary care physician or mental health provider.

Differential Diagnosis Issues
There are no laboratory tests for personality disorders.
Diagnosis normally comes after a thorough clinical interview.
The doctors ask questions about symptoms and mental well-being, and take a medical, psychiatric and social history.
A physical examination will help rule out other conditions, and a mental health provider will be consulted for further evaluation to confirm the disorder.
The symptoms for this disorder may begin in childhood or teenage showing tendency towards solitary pursuit of activities, poor peer relationships, pronounced social anxiety, and underachievement in school.
Other symptoms that can be present during the developmental years are
hypersensitivity to criticism or correction
Unusual use of language
Odd thoughts, or bizarre fantasies
Children with these tendencies appear socially inactive as compared with peers and often become the object of malicious teasing.
This doubly increases the feelings of isolation.
To conclude on this disorder accurately, there must be the presence of at least four of the above-mentioned symptoms.

The symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder can sometimes be confused with the symptoms seen in schizophrenia. The bizarre thinking associated with schizotypal personality disorder can be mistaken as some psychotic problem and misdiagnosed. There may be small percentage of psychotic episodes occurring in the patient with schizotypal personality disorder, but it is not as pronounced, frequent, or as intense as in schizophrenia. For an accurate diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, the symptoms for schizotypal cannot occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or other mood disorder that has psychotic features.

CausesEtiology of Condition
Ones personality is completely responsible for the ways one thinks, feels, behaves and reacts to the environment. Personality forms from a combination of genetics and early life experiences. If a person persistently feels or behaves in an inappropriate way, then that person has a personality disorder.

In normal development, children steps forward through several stages of social awareness and learn to accurately interpret the indications and intentions of others. For people with schizotypal personalities this social cognition is impaired, leading to development of illogical beliefs, magical thinking and paranoid thoughts, such as a nagging suspicion that one is being harassed, persecuted or treated unfairly.

The exact reason or cause of this impairment is unknown. This may be due to childhood abuse, neglect or stress resulting in the brain dysfunction that gives rise to schizotypal symptoms. Both genetics and environmental circumstances appear to play a role in development of the disorder.

A family history may also be the reason behind this disorder. Thus, we see that genes may contribute in the disorder of ones personality. Apart from this, a number of environmental factors such as a neglectful or abusive childhood home may also be the cause of the development of schizotypal personality disorder.

Treatment
This disorder is treated with a combination of therapy and medication. No said medicine is available for the disorder however, doctors may prescribe antidepressant or antipsychotic medications to help alleviate associative conditions such as anxiety, depression or other mood disorders.

Psychotherapy is the best answer. A trusting rapport should be build in therapy which may help people with schizotypal personality disorder contradict the mistrust or discomfort they have with developing interpersonal relationships.

These people need to learn specific interpersonal skills and new behaviors, as they often have difficulty responding appropriately to social indications. For instance, they can learn to express their feelings appropriately or adjust facial expressions and voices in reaction to certain stimuli.

They may respond to exercises that focus on interrupting distortions in thought. This type of therapy may use reasoning exercises to clarify social confusion and overcome self-defeating thoughts, especially in interpersonal situations.

Family support is very important. Treatment can be more effective when family members are involved. Seeking professional counseling as a group may help lessen angry confrontations or emotional distancing in the home. Family therapy may also offer the affected person reassurances of a support structure and a boost in morale.

It was a general belief that once a personality disorder has developed it will last throughout life. However, new research has suggested that the symptoms of conditions such as schizotypal personality disorder may improve significantly over time. Factors that appear most likely to reduce the symptoms of this disorder include positive relationships with friends and family as well as a sense of achievement at school, work and in extracurricular activities.

Although there is no exact definition of generation y, a broad definition generally incorporates over seventy million Americans born after 1977. A narrow perspective of this generation encompasses people between the ages of sixteen and twenty seven due to the notion that as the rate of change in the society increases so does the time period that make up a generation becomes shorter. The members of this generation are young and stylish, constantly use iPods, browse the net and want to dress in flip-flops while in the office. This generation is entering the job market when companies in America are filled with old people. They supervise the older generation, switch jobs and frustrate managers who try to retain an experienced and talented work force. According to Professor Jordan Kaplan of Long Island University, this generation rarely conforms to command-and-control form of management commonly practiced in many organizations in America (Pollak, 2008).
       
Generation y are cleaver in managing their financial resources and after observing economic recession and job insecurity that has affected other generations, they are keen to save for retirement. According to research by New York investment advisors, 37 of generation y saves for retirement before reaching the age of 25, while 49 consider retirement benefits while choosing a job. This age group also tends to chose jobs that are flexible, with options of telecommuting and working part time. They accommodate change and rarely stay in a single job or even career for long period of time. Moreover, they have the ability to multitask and can be compared to generation x on steroids. They not only hold their esteem high but they are also not afraid to drive change in their company (Pollak, 2008). Unlike other generations who are accustomed to annual reviews, Gen Yers is used to constant flow of information and timely review as they practiced in college.

Physical beauty is the awareness of the physical traits of an individual as aesthetically gratifying or beautiful. Its variation is referred to as looks and most anthropologists believe that its an important factor in social relation and can include various implications such as sexual attractiveness and physique. However, physical attractiveness is dependent on three factors universal perceptions common to all cultural backgrounds, social aspects and character subjective preferences. Despite universally held perceptions of beauty in both sexes, men tend to place significantly higher value on physical appearance in a partner than women do. This can be explained by evolutionary psychology as a consequence of ancestral humans who selected partners based on secondary traits. It is worth noting that physical appeal can have a significant effect on how people are judged in terms of recruitment, job opportunities, friendshipmating, sexual behavior and marriage.

However Charles Darwin on sexual selection theory states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition. He further defined sexual selection as the effects of the struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex, (Darwin, 1871). According to his statement, it is usually men who fight for female partners or intrasexual selection. On several occasions, intrasexual takes place. This is where one sex competes for another sex leading to intersexual. In most cases, females often prefer to ally with males with external ornaments or exaggerated morphology. These can credibly arise as a result of female preference for some aspect of male attributes that is mostly increased by genetic drift.

Evolutionary psychology is more on knowledge and principles from evolutionary ecology. In real life, it deals with the way of thinking but not the study of visions, reasoning or social attributes. Evolutionary psychology cannot be classified as behavioral genetics interested in the extent to which different people in a given environment can be accounted for by different genes. It is therefore a thinking process where the mind naturally selects and adapts itself with the social behavior exposed to it. Different theories on the origin of man and the ecological adaptations have defined the principles behind certain behaviors. A scholar by the name Charles Darwin made a major contribution in relation to different species he made a bold prediction that, In the distant future, he sees an open field for far more important researches. That psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation, (Darwin, 1871). This further clarifies that psychology is never constant but changes with time and as years turn, various attributes fades out of the society and other social traits are adopted by the society.

To some extent, human beings are ruled by instincts that enable them to reason beyond personal appearance and even in mating process, hence it brings out the difference between human beings and other animals since they can reason and have opposite views. However, William James, he argued that the instincts in man has been found to be highly flexible than the other living organisms, (William, 1895). It is therefore true that instincts helps during the thinking process and decision making. This can further explain why people laugh when receiving a gift and cry when hurt or when they receive a message of death of a close friend. This can be explained in psychological terms as natural feeling that human beings poses that enables them to be judgmental enough and to come up with the solutions of various problems and even in selection of a partner. The ability to see, speak and to be able to differentiate between the beautiful and the ugly can clearly explain to us that psychological views originates from the mind and symbolizes itself as a behavior.

In the modern world, beautiful and tempting facial appearance has evolved many times in relation to mate selection and this explains why most people are attracted by beauty and vocal signals rather than the traits of an individual. Studies however show that both sexes have different tastes and preference in selecting a partner for instance, women prefer men with heavy wide jaws, heavy brows and broad cheek bones (William, 1895 Darwin, 1871). On the other hand, males prefer smooth faced ladies, tall and slim. They also tend to partner with ladies of symmetrical faces and bodies unlike women. Human beauty therefore defines the choice of a partner during the mating process. Health assessment is important in relation to evolutionary views. In the distant past, people were exposed to different diet and drugs that vary greatly with the modern diet and therefore contributing to the physical appearance of an individual in relation to facial, body and olfactory signals. Although beauty standards vary differently both in terms of culture and time, its worth noting that the living standard and the environmental challenges are major factors leading to ones appearance.

Due to exaggerated nature of secondary traits in mate selection, it can prove to be a hindrance to individual chances of partnership thereby undermining quality in a relationship consideration. According to Fisher  Bennett, in the book, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, he argued that people who are beautiful are naturally active and have better chances of getting a partner than the ones who are not beautiful though he contradicts the statement by saying that beauty is relative and depends on an individual selection and demands (Fisher  Bennett, 1999). He further claimed that physical attributes such as the breast can be a factor in dating though it varies from one society to another for instance women with big breasts are preferred in western countries as compared to other areas since they believe that they have higher level of sex hormones which promotes fertility. Beautiful people are assumed to be extroverted, famous and happy even though its a self fulfilling theory. On the contrary, physical beauty can have various effects both socially and economically since most people who are so concerned with the beauty tends to spend a lot of money on beauty productscosmetics hence expensive and require one to work for better income as compared to the average earners. Some argue that high income earners are associated with beauty than the poor individuals in the social ranking.

In understanding the theoretical and empirical research in evolutionary psychology, it is wise to first analyze the variables in the society that has led to different changes empirically. One method in use by evolutionary psychologists is using acquaintance of the location of evolutionary adapted ness to produce a hypotheses on possible psychological adaptations evaluated against empirical evidence because little is known regarding psychological adaptations and the evolutionary context in which people developed in regard to population size, structure, eating habit  and lifestyle. In most cases, these factors vary from one society to another and therefore alter with the physical attributes of an individual. Different societies are faced with the selection pressure as a result of the changes that occurs in the society. Many environmental issues have led to these changes such as changing from hunting to farming by our ancestors, sharing, mate choice, interpersonal aggression, child rearing, interpersonal assistance, diseases and a host of other fairly predictable challenges that constituted significant selection pressures.

Evolutionary psychologists clarifies that their findings about the past and the present on the mate selection is purely dependent on the aggressiveness, interpersonal relations and ones adaptations in line with the environmental challenges such as pregnancies, food shortage, diseases and famine.

It is therefore true according to Charles Darwin to conclude that psychology is based on new foundation since it depends wholly on ones mental power, environmental challenges and hisher capacity to grade beauty regardless of the quality of an individual. This can therefore mean that most people vary in their way of thinking and thereby have different opinionsjudgment on beauty and other attributes. Most people are influenced by beauty as compared to the qualities of an individual or personal attributes. In the modern society, people tend to ignore certain values such as honesty, respect and intelligence and embark on beauty though beauty may vary from one individual to another. In the early days of dating, people were trained or advised to go for the character rather than the beauty since certain ethics were valued in a society. With the changes and demands in the society, many have concentrated on beauty rather than the traits thereby leading to behavioral degradation. However, humans are intensely sensitive to variations in physical appearance, some theorize for reasons of evolution. Personal appearance therefore varies from genetic, age or disease.

Instability of Diagnosis and Influence of Mental Health Issues on Eating Disorders
For many years people believed that eating disorders were only about girls, only about popular girls like teenagers that had everything going for them.  No one put together the fact that the action could be the symptom of underlying issues in both male and females.  The majority of people diagnosed with eating disorders are adolescence, or at least the onset begins during adolescence, and while a majority of the diagnoses are for females, male diagnoses are becoming more prevalent.

Instability of Eating Disorder Diagnosis
The research group of Milos, Spindler, Schnyder,  Fairburn (2005) conducted a study on three types of eating disorders anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS).  The basis of the study was to understand the diagnosis of eating disorders and to watch how the subjects would change in their diagnoses within a 30 month study timeframe.

The study had 192 female participants that continued with the study for the full 30 months.  The initial interview was given, then a follow up at 12 months and again at 30 months.  The dependent variables that were under investigation included remission, the changing from one type of eating disorder to another, forms of treatment for the disorder, and eating disorder behavior in particular purging.  The study was an applied and quantitative study in that the results could be applied to the field and to patients and the numbers of occurrences were especially important to understand the independent variable of the instability of the diagnoses of eating disorders (Milos, Spindler, Schnyder,  Fairburn 2005).

The results showed that there was low stability in the diagnosis of the eating disorders throughout the 30 months.  Some of this instability was due to remission.  However, the remission was also unstable due to the likelihood of a patient changing from one type of eating disorder to another instead of having a remission or after a remission (Milos, Spindler, Schnyder,  Fairburn 2005).

This study shows that the diagnosis of all eating disorders is extremely hard even for specialist within the eating disorder field.  This study did not focus on any other types of influences, but on the found that there were possible other influences in the diagnosis and understanding of eating disorders (Milos, Spindler, Schnyder,  Fairburn 2005).

Eating disorders in Patients diagnosed with Bipolar
This study was conducted in 2008 by J. E. Wildes, M. D. Marcus,  A Fagiolini and focused on the correlation of bipolar disorders on eating disorders.  The research used 81 subjects from the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians (BDCP).  The average age of the subjects was 43.1 with no significant differences in gender, marital situation and education.  The study included all types of bipolar disorder except for rapid cycling, and the eating disorder assessment had to be a factor for six months prior.

The study was a basic, qualitative study in that the numbers of occurrences were not as important and the reasons or possible reasons for the occurrences.  This was a basic instead of applied because it looked at the causes rather than the solutions of the problem. The study found that the variables of the rate of anxiety and other mental issues may also affect the onset of eating disorders, but the independent variable of bipolar disorder remained in each subject and their diagnosis so that other diagnoses were considered secondary to the bipolar (Wildes et al 2008)

The influence of the bipolar disorders was measured against dependent variables including the types of eating disorders to see which was the most influenced by the bipolar disorder.  The types of eating disorders included Binge Eating Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulima Nervosa.  The most commonly occurring disorder was the Binge Eating.  However, the other data showed that females were significantly more likely to be diagnoses with Anorexia Nervosa.  These finds support previous studies, but the fact remains that more work needs to be done in the field to gain a better understanding of the DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses influences on eating disorders (Wildes et al 2008).

Early Onset of Axis I Disorders with Diagnosis of Eating Disorders
In 2009, a group of researchers (Sihvola, Keski-Rahkonen, Dick, Hoek, Raevuori, Rose, Pulkkinen, Marttunen,  Kaprio) studied 1,318 twins in a five year period to see if there were any relationships between major depressive disorder (MDD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), as predictive to the onset of eating disorders.  The use of twins allowed for the researchers to control for demographics, and family situations.  The method of data collection was a researcherclinician interview of the twins at the age of 14, and a follow up of a self-administered survey at the age of 17.5 years of age.

Sihvola et al (2009) used a basic, qualitative study in that it the focus was on specific causes of eating disorders rather then on the number of occurrences.  While the number of occurrence was a minor factor the major variables were the diagnosis of MDD and GAD prior to the onset of the eating disorder, and then the reevaluation of the subject to analyze if there was any correlation between those two diagnoses and the diagnosis of some type of eating disorder.

The findings of this study showed that there was a definitive relationship between the onset of MDD and GAD at the age of 14 and the diagnosis of an eating disorder by the age of 17.5 years.  In fact the results showed that most anorexia diagnosis lasted the least amount of time, while bulimia was the second longest and binge eating lasted the longest of the eating disorders.  From these results it can be determined that there are other mitigating factors that create the onset of eating disorders.  While the findings are not conclusive, it does confirm that there is a need for continued studies of this type (Sihvola et al 2009).  

Conclusion
From these studies it seems to be clear that there are many factors that need to be understood as influential to the onset and diagnosis of any type of eating disorder.  The disorders themselves need to be studied more and better understood, but the fact that other DSM-IV Axis I disorders affect the eating disorders in such major ways, the studies must include other factors as well, such as bipolar disorder, MDD and GAD, as well as others.  It is obvious that eating disorders are not created on their own, but seem to be a symptom or reaction to other problems, and thus should be considered in such a way within studies about those other disorders as well.  It is not a singular direction, but both types of disorders seem to feed off one another, and need to be understood in relation to one another.