Psychology

Functionalism being the philosophy of the mind has had a great impact on the study of the science of psychology influencing it both in the direction of applied science as well as in the behaviorism direction. With functionalism, it is possible to study the subjective mind and at the same time explore behavior objectively.

Functionalisms influence on applied and behavioral trends
Functionalism as described by William James looked not only into the structure but also to the reason why people behaved in a certain way. It therefore seeks to explain the human mind in a systematic way with greater accuracy. The functionalist view of consciousness is that it exists for a given purpose. Since psychology involves studying the mind and human behavior, the functionalism trend fitted well in understanding how an organisms consciousness helps it to adapt to the environment. A good example of applied psychology as explained under functionalism is that bodily responses lead to emotional responses (Oglethorpe University, 2010).

Although behaviorism does not recognize psychology as a mind science but as a science of behavior, the functionalism trend tends to relate these two phenomenons. Functionalism does not wholly abolish behaviorism but actually bridges behaviorism with applied psychology. A functionalist will relate a certain behavior with an organisms consciousness and in the process advance behaviorism. In the above example of the body response to various encounters, the element of external environment (a characteristic of behaviorism) is still recognized as it stimulates the mind (a characteristic of functionalism) (Oglethorpe University, 2010).

In conclusion, there is no doubt that functionalism is a bridge between the study of the mind in a subjective manner and study of behavior in an objective approach. As such, functionalism advanced applied psychology and behaviorism in psychology.

Comparing Thin versus Full Figured Women in the Media
Media has become a powerful tool for disseminating information on what is socially desirable or not.  Countless hours are spent on advertisements and television programs that tell viewers how to lose weight or use cosmetic products to enhance beauty.  Reality shows featuring surgeries for aesthetic purposes are gaining in popularity.  It is not a surprise that research studies have found a strong correlation between media influence and body esteem.

In the last decade, there has been a growing interest among the academics on the topic of body image.  Mass media and diverse socio-cultural pressures are seen to cause an increased awareness of being thin as ideal and to contribute to the misperception of body weight (Ansari, Clausen, Mabhala  Stock, 2010, p. 584).  Gender and age have been associated with how one perceives ones body and ones appreciation of it.  Among socio-cultural factors, what stands out is the influence of media.  Among women, the thin ideal has been most the prominent idea espoused by fashion models and superstars.  Among men, the term leaner structure has been used to identify their ideals.

The significant effect of media on body-esteem falls in the realm of social comparison. According to Bessenoff (2006), women who are exposed to the ideal body shape (i.e. thin ideal) make serious comparisons about their own body.  This results in dissatisfaction and negative feelings towards their body and weight.  Bergrstrom, Clayton and Malheim (2009) further identifies that the single significant factor affecting the comparison is the extent of discrepancy between the ideal and ones own body image.  This is further supported in Heinberg, Stormer and Thompsons (2006) findings that comparisons of their bodies to that of others often lead to unhappiness among women.  Negative mood also increased among women who compared themselves to thin models.  These body dissatisfaction and stressors according to Soukup, Beiler,  Terrell (1990) may influence body concerns.

It appears that the adolescent population, is becoming acutely attuned to their weight and body (Ata, Ludden  Lally, 2006, 1024).  One of the negative effects of such phenomenon is the increasing number of eating disorders among adolescents.  The pressure to lose weight was highly correlated with low body-esteem and body image.  As expressed by Bassenoff (2006), the thin ideal advertisements influenced mood, self-esteem, concerns about weight and depression. In a study by Ata et al. (2006), it has been found that females are at a higher risk of eating disorders than males.  There is significance therefore, in adding to the body of existing literature that explores how media influences the creation of body image and the development of body-esteem.

As television viewers ourselves, we have varied experiences of being affected by media, and certainly in terms of our own body image.  Conversations about body weight are common among university students, especially among females who are constantly worrying whether they have reached the thin ideal.  From these, we have decided to design the current research study.  The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of viewing thinner versus full-body celebrities on body-esteem and stress in college-aged women.  It is hypothesized that exposure to images of celebrities with different body types will affect body-esteem scores, which will increase stress levels.  Furthermore, the researchers also hypothesize that participants who are exposed to larger media images will have more positive body-esteem scores, and therefore lower stress levels, than those who are exposed to pictures of thinner women.

Methodology
Sample. A total of eighty (80) female respondents were considered as subjects for this experiment.  They were university students who were at least eighteen (18) years old.  The participants were expected to participate for approximately thirty (30) minutes.  In exchange, they received one PIPER credit for every half hour.  Information regarding cancellation were given so that participants who signed up but were unable to attend informed the experimenters ahead of time.
Two groups of approximately 40 participants were tested for the proposed hypotheses. Participants were randomly assigned to either the thin group or the fat group.  Participants in the thin group viewed pictures of thin celebrities while those in the fat group viewed pictures of fat or big structured celebrities.

Instrument  Participants were asked to complete a series of questionnaires with regard to the appeal of women in the images shown.  A total of eight (8) pictures of celebrities were used in the experiment.  Four (4) of the celebrities have thin frames or body structure while the rest of the four (4) have large frames or relatively bigger body structures.

The first part of the questionnaire contained a demographic sheet which gathered information about the participants age, course, college year level, and ethnic background.   The second part of the questionnaire measured body-esteem.  It used a survey derived from the Body Attitudes Questionnaire that measures the respondents degree of and reasons for satisfaction or dissatisfaction with 49 various parts or processes of the body and with the total body. The questionnaire was cut down from 49 to 12 body parts. The participants rated celebrities and themselves on a total of 12 different parts using a Likert type scale ranging from 1 to 5. An example of a body part to rate is nose. A respondent rates the nose of the celebrity in the picture and her nose on a scale of 1 (strong negative feelings) to 5 (strong positive feelings).
 
A shortened, 10 item version of the General Well-Being Schedule (Andrews  Robinson, 1991) was used to measure stress.  The questions chosen from the Schedule are directly or indirectly related to stress.  The participants responded to the questions on a 5, 6, or 10 point Likert type scale.

Procedure  An administrators instruction sheet was attached to guide the researcher who administered the experiment.  This was made to ensure that a standard operating procedure was followed.

Participants were provided with two copies of the informed consent form to review and sign. One copy was collected by the researchers, while the second copy was given to the participant.

The participants proceeded to viewing the pictures of the celebrities, depending on which group they belonged. After taking a few minutes to examine the pictures, participants were presented with a scale to rate the celebrities bodies.  Once the rating scale was accomplished, the participants rated themselves using a slightly modified version of scale used to rate the celebrities bodies. Once both Body Esteem surveys were completed, a stress measure was administered, the General Well-Being Test.

Lastly, the researchers collected the finished surveys and gave the participants two copies of the debriefing form to review and sign. One copy was collected by the researchers, while the second copy was given to the participant.

Data Analysis. Data was submitted for statistical data analysis.  For Likert type scale of survey, chi-square or the Cochran Q was used for statistical analysis.  The data will be tested based on the hypothesis stated by the researchers.

The term local clinical scientist is used by psychologist to refer to the study of people through experimentation and observation for the purpose of promoting change. As clinical psychology grew, psychiatrist and neurologist continued to focus on treating serious mental distress. Between 1900 and 1930, clinical psychology mainly dwelt with assessment and it only advanced into the field of treatment when the World War two begun (Cash  Pruzinsky, 2002). After the soldiers returned form the war, psychologist begun to notice psychological trauma symptoms which was called shell shock or posttraumatic stress disorder and could be treated effectively during the initial stages (Cash  Pruzinsky, 2002). Female psychologist formed an association which aimed at assisting the society to cope with war related stress, and advising young mothers on child rearing.

As the field grew, a program was set up that focused on training doctoral level clinical psychologist who started to help veterans in need of care. A scientist-practitioner model was drafted by a panel of professionals who operated in the counseling field with an aim of uplifting the standards of counseling training and practices (Cash  Pruzinsky, 2002). Counseling psychologists were required to incorporate both practice and science and become knowledgeable in research as well as have a broad understanding of a persons condition.

Despite the fact that clinical scientist and psychiatrist have a common aim of relieving mental distress, their form of training and methodologies are different. Medical psychologists are clinical scientist trained to prescribe and undertake physical examinations as well as interpreting laboratory tests. Clinical scientists usually work with families, individuals, couples, children, and communities.

Considerable advantages in science have been created with the use of animal subjects in animal research. Despite this apparent reality, issues continue to arise between the facilitation and treatment of these animals accordingly. This then has brought about new mandates, legislation and requirements in the facilitation of care and testing. Seeing this, it has brought about new areas in administering proper procedure and fosters increased aspects of responsibility and accountability within the realm of psychological research.

Looking at the current stance, numerous requirements and mandates have been set in proper treatment and care of animal subjects. In particular, the Animal Welfare Act has been in place that caters the provision and development of appropriate actions related to animal handling and testing (USDA, 2009). It corresponds not only to their protection but also in the proper way that they should be dealt with particularly especially in doing research or laboratory procedures.

Under the realm of psychological research, standards and protocols are also initiated to emphasize proper care towards laboratory animal research. This can be characterized from care towards proper implementation of experimental testing. However, there are certain boundaries surrounding this element as it incorporates the value of administering something that would not harm or endanger the life of these animals accordingly (National Academies Press, 1996). Alongside this responsibility is the capacity to provide sufficient and accurate reporting of the procedure that is adherent to professional and legal mandates.

Analyzing the existence of these norms and standards, it can be argued that the facilitation of using animal subjects corresponds to solving science-related questions. However, this act must be practiced carefully. I do believe that having these specific laws and mandates justifies such initiative. Despite these animals capacity to provide new discoveries or address present scientific problems, responsibility and accountability need to continuously be present within this realm. This is to ensure that animal welfare continues to be administered. At the same time, exercising these legalities and effective monitoring via reports creates the necessary foundation in ensuring that a responsible stance be maintained. Thus, I do believe in the relevance of animal testing provided that sufficient and adequate protocols are created to ensure that its facilitation remains congruent to acceptable standards and proposed objectives.

We do not think and behave as individuals, only as members of a group

Understanding human behaviour has for years been an area of key interest to researcher from various disciplines. Organisational behaviour researchers, educators, coaches and parents are among some of the stakeholders concerned with developing and understanding how individuals think and the factors that influence personal decision making. In essence, decision making is a process that is influenced by a number of factors and not just individual ability. This paper seeks to analyze behaviour development and decision making in humans to determine the influence of groups. The paper will use empirical findings and existing theories to develop a concise picture of the effects that groups have on decisions made and behaviour adopted by individuals.

Theoretical Abstraction
A number of behavioural theories recognise the effect that the environment has on the behaviours and attitudes that are developed by an individual. The cognitive and psychoanalytic behavioural development and learning theories both recognise the role of the environment in the behaviours developed and decisions made by an individual. Therefore, the assertion that the environment is highly influential on behaviours displayed by an individual is not far fetched rather is an observation that has been made by a number of theorists on behaviour development (Zastrow,  Kirst-Ashman, 2009).

A key question that researchers have grappled with over the years is determining the differences in effect of individual and group influence on behaviours that are adopted by individual. Academic ability as an example is considered a result of being in an environment that is supportive of transmission and a students mental ability which can be looked at as an internal ability or an aspect that is developed with continued interaction with the environment (Zastrow,  Kirst-Ashman, 2009).

Therefore while it may be difficult to determine what personal behaviours and abilities are intrinsic, the external environment is to a large degree influential on nearly all norms, values, behaviours and attitudes that are developed by an individual (Kalat, 2007). This implies that groups as part of the external environment may be playing a role in determining the norms, attitudes and values that one adopts which goes a long way in determining what an individual perceives as being important or vital in making decisions (Kalat, 2007).

The social identity theory which is composed of four major components asserts that humans are defined by categorisation, identification, comparison and psychological distinctiveness that collectively develop a basis for understanding inter-group discrimination. A critical review of the four important components under the social identity theory reveals that there is high emphasis on how humans view others (Kalat, 2007). For instance, categorisation posits that people view others as groups as a way of discriminating (Kalat, 2007). It is also noteworthy that humans tend to associate with certain groups which help them develop a sense of self esteem. Other key assertions under the social identity theory is that humans are defined by favourable bias towards groups that they associate with and desire distinction and comparison from and with other groups. It is therefore evident from the social identity theory that humans are to a large degree affected by group dynamics due to their need to be in a groups and the effect that the groups have on their perception. The social theory by extension implies that every human is part of a group due to an internal need to develop ones esteem and associate with others. However, a question is raised on the effects of human conscience and persona since it is common for people to base decision on what they believe.

The Milgram experiment presents an answer to the question on the effect that human conscience has in decision making. First, attitudes and values developed by an individual which to a large degree define what is wrong and right thus human conscience are affected by the people one interacts with. Organisational behavioural studies have shown that firms that have nurtured norms and values supporting low levels of transparency and accountability have employees that are more likely to engage in unprofessional behaviours (Kalat, 2007). This highlights the effects that groups have on the norms and values that an individual conforms.

The Milgram experiment provides another dimension through which groups can results in override of personal conscience and engagement in activities that one considers contrary to the values and norms that he believes in. The Milgram experiment led to findings showing that people are more likely to engage in activities that are contrary to their conscience if instructed or ordered by a figure that they view as authoritative (Zastrow,  Kirst-Ashman, 2009). These findings assert that group values can to large degree override individual conscience in making decisions. Another important pointer that brings out the aspects of groups is the importance attached to an authoritative figure in the Milgram experiment. Authority is relative and highly affected by the perspective adopted by an individual in viewing the power that on has. A police officer as an example is likely to view the police chief as a central figure and therefore take orders from the chief even if they result in activities that are against his individual conscience. This can be said of the interaction between a gang members and a gang leader. However, it is highly unlikely that a gang member will willingly take orders from the police due to their conformance to different norms and the sharp distinction between the two groups. A necessary condition for decisions to be based on obedience to an authoritative figure is that an individual must be in the same group as the figure being referenced this brings out the importance of groups as a necessary condition for the Milgram experiment to hold true within any society. It is thus evident that within groups, there are cases where individual preferences are overridden by external group influences which further push the assertion that humans do not make decisions as individual rather they do as groups.

Empirical Findings
There are various studies that have been carried on human behaviour and decision making, which is considered a result of ordered thoughts in individuals that bring out the effect that groups have on individuals. Studies on factors that promote innovation within organisations highlight the importance of team work mainly due to its effect in promoting communication between different members of an organisation (Poole, Egan,  qbal, 2009). A review of critical success factors for a team based approach to operations reveals that the existence of team chemistry and development of a team culture which is definitive of norms and values that team members conform to considerably influence team efficacy. Communication between people is made easy if they are defined by similar values and norms which further highlight the role of properly constituted and well managed team approaches to operations in improving coordination within firms. Success of a team based approach to operations is to a large extent influenced by the communication channels which highlights the importance of transmission of values and norms in such an approach to operations (Middleton,  Harper, 2004). The role of team based approaches in promoting innovation is due to their facilitation of transmission of similar norms and therefore developing groups thereby resulting in similar thinking dynamics.

Though there may be differences in the specific issues or ideas developed by a team member, their train of thought or general considerations tend to be the similar. Thus the empirical findings positing that team based approaches are quite effective in improving innovation within firms help highlight the effects that groups have on individual cognition and thinking patterns.

Empirical findings show that adolescents whose close family members have committed suicide are more likely to engage in suicidal activities (Randell, Wen-Ling, Herting,  Eggert, 2006). Research on suicide and how it is influenced by family factors provide another avenue that can be used in analyzing the effect that groups have on individual behaviour and decisions. Teenagers from dysfunctional families and those that are abused are generally more likely to engage in suicidal activities (Randell, Wen-Ling, Herting,  Eggert, 2006). The explanation provided for these findings is that dysfunctional families do not provide the proper emotional and psychological supports required by humans to be more resilient. This is similar to the effect that abuse and poor parenting have on a childs frame of mind and personal expectations.

A family can be viewed as a group due to the fact that they share a number of activities and are used to discriminate between individuals. Furthermore, from the family systems theory it is evident that individuals cannot be fully understood without considering their family background which further brings out shared similarities between individuals and their families (GenoPro, 2010). Poor parenting and abuse within families can therefore be looked at as norms and values that teenagers are exposed to which considerably influence their state of mind and increase their likelihood of engaging in suicidal activities. It is therefore clear that the family which in this case is the group is highly influential on a teenagers cognition, thinking and behaviour which add to the argument that humans think as groups rather than individuals.

Research on success in organisations and classroom emphasize the importance of developing a strong culture and its consideration in making decisions on the strategies that will be adopted in an organisation or a class (Laff, 2009 Knight,  Nisbett, 2007). In a business setting, various strategists have asserted the importance attached to alignment of strategies to organisational culture as an avenue to reducing resistance by employees and improving their input in the developed strategies (Middleton,  Harper, 2004). A critical review of organisational culture reveals that it is a set of norms, values, artefacts and attitudes that basically transform an organisation into a group whose frame of mind is highly influenced by the defined code or culture. Failure to align operational strategies to organisational culture implies that the resulting strategies are viewed as irrelevant or lacking by employees mainly because their cognition is heavily influenced by the organisational culture (Reich,  Izak, 2000). It is therefore evident that the importance attached to alignment of operational strategies to organisational culture is an illustration of the effect that group norms, values and attitudes have on individual perception of developed strategies and their suitability to an organisation.

Analysis
The empirical findings and existing theories point to various important factors that help develop the thesis that humans think as groups rather than as individuals. First, it is important to note that knowledge and experiences are developed by interacting with the environment (Zastrow,  Kirst-Ashman, 2009). Moreover, people that one view as being similar are more influential on the values, norms, attitudes and expectations that are held by an individual which considerably influence his cognition of ideas proposed by people within or without the group. The internal need by humans to be part of a group to a large extent plays a role in propagating the effect that groups have on the decisions made by individuals and how they behave. Groups have the ability to override personal conscience in defining the path of action that an individual will take. Though not all behaviours can be described as being in line with the norms displayed by a particular group, all behaviours can be explained by at least one group that one belongs to. It is important to note that one can be a member of an organisation, a team, a family and even a class at the same time which presents a wide set of norms, values, attitudes and expectations that affects an individual behaviour. Therefore, though in some cases it may not be easy to locate the particular group that is influential on the behaviour and line of action adopted by an individual, the effect of the external environment and therefore groups on development of a mental schema guarantees their influence on individual decisions and behaviours.

Conclusion
Though individual conscience, beliefs and values are considered influential on personal decisions and behaviours, a review of existing theories and empirical findings show that there is nothing personal about the beliefs and values. Moreover, personal conscience can be overridden by group influences. The environment which can be viewed as a collection of group influences is highly influential on the mental schema developed by individual and goes a long way in influencing behaviours and decisions made. Therefore humans do not think and behave as individuals rather they do as groups.

Introduction to the Application or Intervention
This section of the paper deals with the project put forward in the context of the selected topic. The method expected to be executed is a solution and intervention to the problem of sexual predation and addiction. The module developed should be able to create and resist the risks in the field of research with respect to psychological as well as cliental aspects. Intervention is often defined as the act of intervening, interfering or interceding with the intent of modifying the outcome. (Definition of intervention, 2010, para.1).

Exactly a biopsychosocial approach is utilized in this procedure. Counseling applications of holistic and positive psychological approach accompanied by rehabilitation using cognitive therapy and client center methods is integrated into the module of intervention project. Cognitive theory is a learning theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes. The assumption is that humans are logical beings that make the choices that make the most sense to them. (Fritscher, 2009, para.1). The system of counseling and guidance with proper theoretical and established facts of psychology is adopted with a combination of different areas of the related topic. The major implication considered in this matter is the future societal life of victims as well as predators or addicts. The evaluation done on the cases and conclusions of various researchers on the matter has provided with ample support and provision of successful strategies possible in this field. The previous sections facilitated an efficient examination of the area of psychology to dig out varied facts linked to sexual predators and addicts. More extended knowledge received from those lead to an approach to view sexual predators and addicts as diseased rather than as criminals. But always keep intact that they are really dangerous and wild in almost all aspects. So, the developed intervention took considerable concentration on achieving all the possible characteristics of the person under investigation for adopting consistent perspective to keep him under control throughout the sessions. The utilization of primary as-well-as secondary involvements is made essential through the developed method. Primary refers to the individual by himself while secondary includes victims, friends and families. The tools like tests, surveys and interviews are implemented to maximum exploitable limits to achieve least redundant situation. The substance and method is explained and illustrated through this section.

Purpose of the Application or Intervention
The purpose of the intervention is to identify, evaluate and detect the roots and causes of sexual predation and addiction in different individuals accompanied by the examination of their activities and attitudes to guide and treat them to lead a normal and contented life. The application should take care of the existence of family members, friends and society when taking up any case so that no harm should be left back for them. The academic procurements on psychology, theories and established fact are to be utilized to a maximum extent of understanding and possibility to demonstrate the successful utility of those acquirements.

Description and Elements of the Application or Intervention
This approach is based on the counseling advantages available in psychological field to deal with abnormalities. The intervention method proposed through this section is a combination of two categories of counseling with proper location of deviated path from norms. The Holistic Health and Positive Thinking counseling is used in this project. Both individual and group works are adopted with a final existential counseling for guiding the person to a normal and successful life. Here, each element is explained to get the significance and relevance of their assortment.

Holistic Health and Positive Thinking counseling is given individually and among others of same category. The most important adherence is on developing societal and personal values with a positive expectation in life. But, the approach should be made after proper understanding on the facts and habits of the person. So prior to the counseling sessions all details about the person should be collected from the victims, friends, family and others who can provide the related details. questionnaires and rubrics are provided for the purpose.

Questionnaire is a list of questions  principally used to collect socio-economic or political data on individuals and households. (Questionnaire, 2010, para.2). Here the discussion is on sexual predators and addicts that requires a better information regarding such people. The questions included should reflect the depth and unveiling of various habits and characteristics.
Questionnaire for the client (the addict)
May I know your name
What do you think you are here for
Would you like some coffee with some cookies
I cannot believe a person like you in front of me like this be alert
I just want to start a friendly talk with you, if you wish. What is your opinion
Ok, how much time you need to relax
Questionnaire for the victims (collect if possible)
May I have a talk about the person who actually disturbs your thoughts
It is hard to answer but can you just tell how were you known to the person
Can you explain which the circumstances you encountered with that person were
It is very cruel to remind but how was the approach initially
Did you find anything too striking at that time or during any initial meetings
Is the first meeting that ended up with the crime
What kind of thoughts do you have about that incident
What you could not forget or what is accompanying you as a constant disturbance
Amidst of any talks did you find him consuming something, I mean craving of some kind
Did you notice him getting out of energy to talk or walk and tend to fall down
If you did, how did he gain his energy or just remained as he is
Where there any instances of fainting
How about seeing himher in a normal situation
What you think, can be done to bring him up
Questionnaire for friends, families  others
Who are you for himher
What can describe your relationship to the best extent
How long you are in familiarity to the person
What you find is admiring
What seems to be redundant
What do you hate the most
Have you noticed any strange features in the person
Where there something bizarre or rough
Are you still in contact with him
Did you find any illegal or inhuman activities in him
Where there any conversations about drugs
Can you state any instance that is distressing or disturbing
How did he handle it
Could you speak at any point of time against his behavior, manners or way of living
While answering to it, were you able to find any shift in his ways of expression or mode of speech
What, in your opinion, might have led him to such a situation
Did at any instance a share of bitter experience was told about
Sometimes, I hope, he might have talked about some of his wicked performance activities
How can you describe his usual nature
What all information provided will help us to pick him out of the current ditch he has fallen to. Is there anything you might share which you think you only know
What is his outlook about a successful and happy living
Did he ever share with you about his dreams and goals
According to you, what makes him most happy or extremely sad
What is your hope and wish about his life and future

Rubric Analysis is another tool that may bring about help in this context. A rubric is an explicit set of criteria used for assessing a particular type of work or performance. (Ehrmann, n.d., para.1). Though here the performance is never a positive aspect this will definitely help to trace out the depth and strength of the misconduct and behavior in the person under diagnosis. Major strategies to be evaluated are the presence of abnormalities and ill manners. So rubric will include four categories namely abnormality and its four sub categories that includes violence, silence and friendliness. The entire aspect will be examined based on five levels indicating very high, high, medium, low and very low. The inherent strength and depth of the problems can be unveiled by utilizing these tools. These are included in the second and third categories of interviewed people for consistent supply of facts desired by the person.

The execution of interviews and Rubrics Analysis is followed by keeping track of the matter without leaving any redundancies. Entire records of information are evaluated and assessed to tabulate the level and degree of severity and danger. Then a proper picture on counseling is developed comprising of essentials for getting hold of the person in track.

Before coming to a conclusion on techniques and treatments to be used the presence of substance abuse and its depth identification is necessary. The fact should be properly observed through efficient counseling procedures to underline on the details and information given by others and him. An approach of Holistic and Positive Thinking procedures can be utilized at this stage of counseling. Holistic approach is an alternative form of psychotherapy that focuses on the whole person (mind, body, spirit) and health (Holistic counseling, 2010, para.1) which help to get the addict motivated at later stages of treatment on substance abuse. Positive Psychology is the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. (How counseling works-from alcoholism to anger management to Zoophilia, n.d.). Hence the application of positive counseling will help the psychologist to determine various aspects and possibilities amidst of the treatment procedure of rehabilitation.

After the successful completion of counseling, the actual implementation of rehabilitation activities is to be adopted. The utility of cognitive therapy of substance abuse and client centered approaches are being amalgamated in this area of section. Cognitive techniques address drug related beliefs and automatic thoughts that contribute to urges and cravings while behavioral techniques focus on the actions that causally interact with cognitive processes. (Beck, et al., 2001). Execution of this treatment on addiction essentially have many levels of procedures that are to be closely observed and applied.

The initial requisite is a better therapeutic relationship between the psychotherapist and the patient. Cognitive case conceptualization is the next step which has ample support from the details collected before the beginning of rehabilitation procedures. Socratic Method can be adopted in order to make communications effective and guided. The Socratic Method encourages participants to reflect and think independently and critically. (Saran  Neisser, 2004, para.1).

The factuality of the rehabilitating progress is depicted within therapists ability to inject enhanced ideas against substance abuse. Various objectives to be analyzed and absorbed are given as assignments while back at home. After successful completion of this initial phase of treatment, the major Phase is implemented. Cognitive tools like benefit  flaw psychoanalysis, recognizing and amending drug related belief, downward arrow technique, reattribution of conscientiousness, daily thought record and imagery are made use in this phase of intervention. The Downward Arrow Technique will go through different questions of analysis to be answered by oneself to develop a novel outlook. The following is a sort of Downward Arrow Technique.

If thats true, then what
Whats so bad about
Whats the worst part about
What does that mean about you (Cognitive behavioral techniques II, n.d.).

Imagery, when linked to psychology, is a technique in behavior therapy in which the patient uses pleasant fantasies to relax and counteract anxiety. (Imagery, 2010, para.4). In the subsequent period, various behavioral techniques are implemented that find its way through observation and forecasting with better utilization of different behavioral experiments and trials followed by related practices and scoring performances leading to enhanced problem solving domains. Health becomes a major implication in any psychoanalysis and therapy, hence proper exercises and other activities to develop better health conditions are to be maintained. Ending the therapeutic relationship doesnt necessarily stop the person from continuing their risky behavior, but it does end the opportunity to help them to change that behavior. (Ford, 2003, para.41). Stimulus control is the major factor to be achieved by any rehabilitated addicts. Stimulus Control is a term used to describe situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus. (Stimulus control, 2007, para.1). The cause and path for the abuse of substances is known to them than any others. They are to be molded for keeping away and resisting such prompts by themselves.

Successful completion of the above phases will finish the treatment section for patients having substance abuse. Our objective is to intervene into the sexual predation and addiction cases prevailing contemporarily. After rehabilitation treatments, persons should be undergone through an existential counseling procedure as well. Now as a healthy normal person with no habits of substance abuse will be present in front of psychotherapist to get released to this vast area of earth. Existential approaches to counseling and psychotherapy focus on exploring the challenges and paradoxes of human existence, rather than psychopathology. (Mulhauser, 2010). Through this course of counseling all possible redundancies regarding fear for the future, humiliation, unguided feelings etc that always follows rehabilitation treatments are wiped away. A trust on oneself and goals to accomplish achievement will definitely guide the person in his remaining par of life. Now, he becomes a person who is as normal as any other one with an extra capability to resist any problems encountered.

Target Population
Studies have revealed the fact that most of the sexual predators have problems of substance abuse. So the targeted groups include people having the abnormality of sexual predation and addiction.
Potential Contributions of the Application or Intervention to the Field or Area of specialization

The hypothesis of sexual offenders having a greater chance of being addicted gets its proof and support with the intervention developed. When concerned with the analysis of potential contributions of the experience the investigation on the topic can never be ignored. The biopsychosocial approach developed, will inevitably help in getting close to the clients so that better understanding on the features, habits, problems, reasons, consequences, approaches etc is facilitated thereby facilitating a better understanding about the field of specialization. Latency of the intervention is actually embedded deep within the dedication and observance of psychotherapist in the issue. The advantages possible with cognitive behavioral therapies are established through researches as follows. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be as successful as medicine in treating some people with mental health conditions. A course of CBT can be relatively short compared with other types of talking treatments. CBT can be provided in a number of different formats other than talking therapies. (Cognitive behavioral therapy Advantages of cognitive behavioral therapy, n.d., para.1). Even though there are some disadvantages for the procedure, they never decrease the positive potentials of the method. The major benefits possible with cognitive approach are stated below
Reversing negative patterns of thinking, addressing bad habits
Appropriately dealing with stress
Talking with others more, participating in a variety of activities
Calmly addressing fears
Goals to change negative patterns of thought are set and addressed
New ways of learning and self-help techniques are developed
Increase in self-esteem
Decreased strain of depression in ones life
Attempt to respond differently to negative situations. (Cognitive behavioral therapy What is cognitive behavioral therapy 2009, para.5).

Implementation of the Specific Application or Intervention
The implementation phase should have both modes of individual and group strategies. Common activities of cognitive and behavioral therapy can be implemented in groups so that, better results can be achieved. But most appropriate one for enhanced relationship and examination phases is one to one sessions. Again, an important factor to be observed is regarding the atmosphere of treatment. An environment with pleasant and inspirational provisions will be best and adequate for maxi mum results. Never should a patient feel that he is one with such an absurd illness or inability. A fresh and pollution free surroundings with ample supply of relaxing moods and possibilities is desired. They should never get an opportunity to sit back and think anything that may lead to depression. The execution should be performed in a motivated and confident approach from the both the therapist as well as the addict. A coexisting facility with proper and eager supervision should be sustained. Throughout the treatment phase food and health habits should be given much importance. Having attained a suitable set up, the implementation can be carried out without leaving any possibilities of enhancement amidst execution phases.

Section 4 Evaluation of Application or Intervention
Introduction to Evaluation of Application or Intervention
This section deals with a self evaluation of the application or intervention module developed in the above chapter. The plan of evaluation and assessment to achieve substantial information regarding the success and efficiency of the intervention has expanded. The biopsychosocial insinuations are considered with a visible link of scientific support from the field of psychology and psychotherapy. The key stakeholders are re-examined and assessed in this section. It is a fact that actual implementation and evaluation will not be possible when concerned with an academic accomplishment and so this area of analysis is adopted. The effective participants and clients affected are recognized with actual results possible in them if implemented in a real domain. The demonstration and description on the matter is made through this part of discussion

Purpose of the Practice
The purpose of the practice is to establish the fact that most of the sexual predators found in the society have a support from their substance abuse or are likely to develop this habit in future. Also the intervention development is achieved to put forward a good approach in identifying, assessing, rehabilitating and renovating such populations. Here, the virtual evaluation and assessment of the intervention is done with the integration of expectations and risks in the developed module. Implications in actual practice for appraisal in academic level of research necessitate a sectional examination requirement. Each tools and techniques incorporated into the intervention are assessed to dig out expected outcomes and recognize any abruptness possible at any level in between.

Accomplishments Expected on Target Population
The intervention is meant to diagnose the target populations to find out whether there is an involvement of substance abuse and its impact followed by effective strategies to treat and cure them out of their addiction and abnormalities linked with it. The expanded procedures are meant to rehabilitate, treat and bring back the target populations to normal life with all their rights and duties being kept in reserve for their better existence. Each step integrated into the intervention methodology has specific expectations of influence on the addicts to achieve positive aspects and attitudes. A hope and wish to live a life full of swing with specific goals and expectations are intended to be cultivated in depth. They are not affected by any issues after the completion of intervention program. In fact, the endeavor is to mold a new individual worth in every aspects of human virtues with effective utilization of psychology.

Identification of Change
Any alterations coming into existence will definitely be identified because of the keen observations and recording of all features and activities including approaches. They are done in every short interval as well as before and after different sessions. Therapist will keep track of close observation and relationship with each individual. The behavioral approach and attitude of addicts will be assessed to get evidence on any realistic change. The relaxing procedures will help out in this context as they involve the innate true facts rather than any extrinsic features. Various physiological factors like sleep, emotions, health etc has direct link evidently supported by researches in the field of psychology. Examination of such aspects intermittently will help to see the advancements in the treatment results. One more additional procedure possible is to expose to different situations to observe the responsiveness.

Reliability and Validity of Methods
The reliability and validity of the methods adopted can never be questioned as adopted established approaches in psychology. The biopsychosocial (BPS) approach care takes the patient-centered counseling process one step further. (Margalit, et al., 2004, para.7). The statement quoted above is something stated with ample background of scientific facts through extensive research and investigations. It claims that biopsychosocial approach is always a step ahead in any type of procedures. When concerned with human psychology it is an inevitable factuality that all features have considerable link and influence over the other, thus revealing the reliability and validity of the intervention method developed.

Appropriateness for Other Contextual Settings
With respect to the possibilities and advancements of the application, it is feasible at other contextual settings as well. The appropriateness comes into picture owing to the absence of any side effects. The entire intervention has its concentration on enhancements of behavior and cognition of the individual rather than any other techniques that creates negative results. Unlike many of the treatments in medical science, dealing with ones behavioral development never poses any reaction which is dangerous. Also, the counseling methods adopted will definitely lead a person to a better living but never to a scene worst than the existing one. Only betterment or nothing is achievable, so it can be adopted without a second question for any background settings. Cognitive and behavioral approach will do well for diverse situations and conditions.

Expectations of Unexpectedness
The unexpectedness possible at any levels of intervention implementation can be detected trough observation procedure itself. The records and hopes mismatch can create undoubted exposure of deviation from expectations. The identification of possible outcomes has a realistic back up from a number of established researches and implementations. Also, many unexpected results being recorded in different cases around the globe can be a site for reference in this implementation course. The unexpected result often identified in the case of addicts is depression. Addiction and depression are common co-morbid conditions. (Daley, 2007, para.3).

There are possibilities of development of depression in the course and after the execution of intervention. But, often it is overcome with the help of better supervision and counseling provisions.

Positive or Negative Prospects
The reflections of effects from various levels of implementation can be evaluated against behavioral and cognitive influences on the individuals. Though there can be variations while execution is carried out in real life, the recognized results from adopted procedures can never always or mostly end in failure. There may be cases of redundancies but they can never create a negative output. Since the entire intervention application consists of biopsychosocial and cognitive materials, negative outlooks can be eliminated. But, there can be a fear for the possibility of depression that can lead even to suicides. The intervention is having an efficient back-up of records on various research results and the existing case reports. Positive and negative prospects can be located in the behavioral context of the addicts itself. These can be compared with the available expectations and records.

Effects of Localized Variations
The influential localized variations can never be eliminated completely. But, the changes possible can be predicted with pre identification of the influence of localized variables possible on the individuals. The initial and advanced stages of treatment can have much effect on influential possibilities of localized variations occurring in family, organizations etc. The course of execution can obviously determine the factors and features that can create an effect on the individual. While applying the intervention, therapist should take care of introducing a belief that life is more important than anything which can never be replaced by any event wish, relation or habit. Motivated personality will never fail to resist cues coming in course of their life, if he is really motivated.

Procedures to Conduct Assessment
The procedures to conduct assessment can never be sated in reality between words, but can involve a set of varied approaches usually meant to succeed in this regard and of course the situational interpretation and implementation of various techniques. Intervention is something to modify the situation persisting, so there can never be a possibility for an outcome that is worst than existing. Also, the possible inefficiency of depression can be a result of the existing situation as well. The link between addiction and depression is mutually related. The assessment can thus be possible with the information gathered through qualitative, quantitative and experience based analysis of investigation. Only established and recorded works can bring about clear picture on the matter.

Methods of Presenting to the Clients
The clients can be given proper edification on the matter and approach of the biopsychosocial procedure adopted. The clients should significantly have awareness on the outcomes and expectations of the intervention. They clarify prospects will give enhanced level of motivation in the clients. The presenting modes can be in a friendly and familiar manner. Something done and gone will help in this context of presentation. The purpose, procedure and throughput can be stated explicitly whether or not they are concerned. But, knowing the intention can bring a familiarity to the entire executions. The effectiveness and implementation becomes easier in this kind of approaches when adopted effectually.

Latencies Possible
The latencies possible are vast as the entire procedure depends on cognitive and behavioral perspectives. Observations and keen involvements will propose more possibilities unlike any other situations. The action plans are never be made use of as it is, because no individual can be similar to one another in their features. Another important potential when concerned with this context is the expected and obtained outcomes. All these are in terms of behavior and attitude based variables providing with always positive or unchanged result. Never a possibility is remained to develop something redundant to society or family than before. Even if the person is unaltered he will never develop more violence or immorality when gone through the intervention. In fact, latency depends on the therapeutic relationship of the therapist and addict.

Advancements in Knowledge
There is no place for a question for whether or not advancements in knowledge are attained. Any analysis will bring about enhancements in acquaintance. But in this case a greater abundance of development in knowledge is possible. The practice takes care of a vast area of behavioral and cognitive elements accompanied by analytical and assessment procedures. Exposure to a wide range of case analysis and research outcomes will obviously provide a result equal to experience in real life implications. The development and assessment requires the information regarding the positive, negative and neutral values of any methods or approaches utilized. The evaluation is a small course to remove and analyze redundancy inclusions into the application. Never can any intervention module be developed with lower account of information regarding the constituents of adopted activities. The knowledge expansion becomes possible not only in terms of aspects included in the module but also on all possible methods and procedures in psychology. This is due to the fact that the selection is done from the choice available rather than picking in random. In fact, intervention module expansion helped in plentiful extension of acquired knowledge. Also, the utility of learned perspectives in academics got a novel glow of possibilities when in practice.

Assistance to Potential Clients
The assistance given to potential clients should be based on the identified perspectives of intervention possible accompanied by a support from known links with the clients. The backup of acquired abundance of knowledge will help in a solemn context to convince and back up the necessities of potential clients. As in any other domains of worldly areas of competence, including the field of psychology needs to take care of potential clients with enhanced care and help.

Contributions to Best Practices
The contributions to the best practices can be easily accounted at this point of discussion. The identification of such proven and successful practices is always a treasure to any field, especially in the field of medication and psychology. A best practice is a technique or methodology that, through experience and research, has proven to reliably lead to a desired result. (Best practice Definition, 2009, para.1).

An obligation to utilization of best practices is in fact a vow to use all the acquaintance and expertise at ones taking away to make sure of the success. Again, to prove the intervention to end in success will add to the triumph of biopsychosocial approach in psychotherapy. This actually illuminates a best practice in treatment of addicts. Always cognition stands dominant when concerned with the field of psychology especially linked to rehabilitation. This factuality is evidently proven to be a best practice through entire executions and analysis.

Section 5 Reflections and Conclusions
This section of the discussion reflects and concludes on the entire intervention procedures and techniques adopted in the paper. Regarding the skills, knowledge, success and traits of psychology, a debate is made in this area of paper. This forms a concluding set of statements regarding the analysis and investigation done as a whole. Academic accomplishments through the completion of project is being unveiled and discussed as a closing fragment. The evidence based approach in psychology is evaluated with an inevitable relation with the project developed. As a psychology professional, expectations and achievements with respect to the project employment is being identified and quoted. The examination and assessment skills along with academic theories are related to seek the level of achievements. In fact, the truth that entire experience in psychology as a learning process makes it clear that profession just involves continuous studies unlike any other field.

Information, Skills, and Professional Attributes
The information achieved through this investigation and expansion process followed by assessment and evaluation is abundant and non accountable. The virtual as well as real life implications and possibilities of psychology in addicts and sexual predators have been identified and studied in depth. Skills of analysis, interpretation, evaluation, assessment, selection and unification have been absorbed through the successful completion of entire perspectives. The professional side of biopsychosocial aspects has been attained in full strength so that future utility is possible in any dimension. Cognition and behavior came out and entered into academic excellence side, facilitating a genius approach of the matter and situations. Viability and accountability is integrated to a maximum extend when concerned with the entire coverage of the topic. Of course, it came up to be a practical experience as such.

Theoretical Orientation
Theoretical orientation refers to the alignment of the practices adopted when linked with theories available in psychology. The theoretical orientation made in use throughout the project is cognitive behavioral and positive solution focused. In any perspective of intervention exact involvement of a positive attitude and cognitive behavioral approaches is evident throughout the discussion. The integration of entire methods into the module was based on the same view on psychology. Each decision and strategy selected was having a background of cognition and behavior features identified and evaluated. The premise underlying a cognitive-behavioral orientation is that difficulties in living, relationships, general health, etc., have their origin in (and are maintained by) both cognitive and behavioral factors. (What is cognitive behavioral therapy 2008, para.1). Positive expectations alone were the strength of the intervention. Though depressions are expected enemies, the fact that they can affect an addict in any later stage is worth consideration.

Links between Ethical Values and Profession
Any life or outlook is guided and made up with ethical values. Similar is the case of psychology and psychotherapist. The ethical issues of therapist will definitely influence the entire treatment procedure of rehabilitation when concerned with cognitive behavioral therapy. An inevitable effect of ethics on ones evaluation, interpretation and approach is well established with which psychology finds clear route of relationship. A life is always based on some set of principles though not visible blatantly. Always, entire thoughts, beliefs and concerns will have a touch of so called ethics. Morality and decency are something related to ethical values as such. Being a professional in psychoanalysis, a better build up in ethical values that are evident for the module development and execution course need to be developed. A background of better ethics attracts more familiarity and motivating charters.

Challenges Expected  Ethical Dilemmas  Diverse Client Populations
Major challenge is the diversity and inapproachability of client groups. The backgrounds and morality are different for different people. Moreover, never can any therapist expect a clean morale person when concerned with the area of sexual predation and addiction. The dirty ditch of hallucinations and wilderness are often unveiled in front of a therapist for which he has to sprinkle the scent of cognitive and behavioral therapy. When performing group involvements, particularly evident problems may arise. Good clinicians can anticipate some of these roadblocks, predict them to patients, and strategize solutions. (Markowitz, 2005, para.1). But the real success is present in the approach of the therapist to transform those challenges to utilities benefitting the entire procedures. Cognition is something that is variedly distributed and a psychoanalyst will guide a client to change it according to the procedures adopted.

Specific Professional Competencies
The professional competencies in the field of cognitive behavioral approach have been absorbed in more depth while entire procedures available in psychotherapy are being studied and recognized. The major competency is the efficient dealing of diverse backgrounds under a single domain of biopsychosocial approach. Unification of all possibilities in cognitive behavioral theoretical orientation to achieve enhanced output on individuals undergoing therapy becomes a realistic challenge when concerned with a psychotherapist. Any adversities that occur in the course of professional execution should become a beneficial trait for the therapist. It is based on this the efficiency of a professional is measured. An addict can never give something normal, but what is provided as abnormal should be dealt to get it converted to a positive and hopeful strategy for successful completion of therapy. In fact competency is embedded in the irregularities and challenges in the cases involved. Listening and speaking skills, especially with extreme patience can be helpful in achieving any special competency with respect to psychology.

According to  HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22PaulaS.Fass22lrsourcegbs_metadata_rcad9 Paula S. (2004), a child soldier is any person under the age of 18 who is a member of any kind of irregular or regular armed group or armed force in any capacity. This definition includes non active militants like porters, messengers and cooks but is not limited to this group. The definition also encompasses girls who are recruited for sexual purposes and later forced into marriage. Therefore a child soldier does not only refer to a child who has carried or is carrying a weapon.

According to  HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22AlcindaHonwana22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad9 Alcinda H. (2007), war affects all areas of a childs development. Children who are affected by armed conflict can be uprooted from their communities and homes, killed or injured, separated from their families and parents, subjected to sexual exploitation and abuse, deprived of recreation and education, notwithstanding the risk of becoming a child soldier.

According to  HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22AlcindaHonwana22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad9 Alcinda H. (2007), as children grow up as child soldiers they are alienated from the rest of and the only place they can develop values is within their war camps. How is the way of life in the war camps where they live Life in war camps in no way resembles that of normal family and community life. Military type discipline is the way of life and for a child they grow up within a set of rules that allows no room for deviation. They therefore get no opportunity to develop their own personal identity and that which has been chosen for them is by no way beneficial to them in short term or in the long term.
Child soldiers do not get the same opportunities as other children to develop as other children who grow up normally. From the age a child soldier is able to carry a weapon, they are exposed to terrible acts of brutality and violence. Most if not all child soldiers are forced into this life at very early age when their perception of what right or wrong is not fully developed. It is believed that by the time child soldiers reach their early teens, many of them opt to remain soldiers for this is the only lifestyle they know.

The few that run away do so because they reach an age where they have reached an age where they can make their own independent choices. According to  HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22CynthiaLightfoot22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad3 Cynthia L.   HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22MichaelCole22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad3 Michael C. (2008), it is believed that between the ages of 7-13 a child begins making the fragile steps towards developing the requisite moral sense i.e. the ability to determine right from wrong.

Child soldiers are therefore brutalized at an early age and encouraged or coerced to do the same to others perceived by them as adversaries so that this may seem like the norm. With time as the children grow they lose any recollection of what a family and how it functions. They eventually lose their identity outside the armed group and the violent system they have gotten accustomed to.

According to  HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22AlcindaHonwana22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad9 Alcinda H. (2007), by participating in wars, children are denied their basic human rights of enjoying their childhoods and being carefree. The family environment and the community normally determine the values an individual adopts in their adult life. It is therefore very unfortunate that no matter where in the world a child is forced into the life of a child soldier, they end up the same way. War is war regardless of the region it is being fought in and therefore the effect it has on children is the same.
What then happens to this child soldier once the war is over Based on the environment that they have been brought up in it is very difficult for them to get integrated back into society.

According to  HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22CynthiaLightfoot22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad3 Cynthia L.   HYPERLINK httpbooks.google.co.kebooksqinauthor22MichaelCole22sourcegbs_metadata_rcad3 Michael C. (2008), the formative ages of a persons life are very important for they largely determine what the persons character will be when they grow up. Child soldiers are therefore denied the right to choose their destiny and are instead brought up in an environment that in no way resembles what normal society should be like.