Psychology

The process of language acquisition is marred by hot debates, as to what role does nature (innate, inherent genetic ability) play in influencing or determining an individuals ability to acquire and learn language, and what role does nurture(the experience and environment one is exposed to) play in determining an individuals ability to learn and acquire a language. The proponents of the nature school of thought argue that human beings are born with the ability to acquire a language, and attribute the differences in acquisition of language to our different genetic make ups. On the other hand, proponents of the nurture school of thought attribute the differences to the fact that we are exposed to different experiences and cultural environments.

Cognition is the process of organizing and making new meaning of experiences that individuals encounter in their day to day lives while language is a medium through which human being express the knowledge acquired by individuals through experience within their socio-cultural environments. Cognition is mostly seen as an innate ability, which differs from an individual to another Gardner, H, (1983). It is this innateness of cognition, which is a prerequisite to the learning or acquisition of a language, which makes some children acquire a language faster than others. This ability is found in the genes of the individuals. However, it has been argued that the ability to acquire a language does not depend entirely on the individuals inborn ability, but rather, on the socio-cultural environment in which the individual is exposed to Clark, A. (1997), who likens language development as the development of things like computers, to be used by human beings for their conveniences. Another example is that of cooking food, in which we did not have a cooking gene in human beings, yet cooking was invented by human beings for their own good, and the procedure varies from society to another, just like languages vary from a society to another. This argument appears to be based on John Lockes idea of Tabula rasa, in which, he argues that the brain of an infant is like a blank slate, which is open to sensory experiences and other aspects of culture. In this sense, language cannot be entirely genetic, simply because, for example, a child can be born and is taken to another racial setting different from that of the mother, that child will still learn the language its exposed to. This shows that exposure to a language and culture is actually a determinant of the language and culture which a child acquires. Similarly, a child cannot learn a language which its not exposed to even if its the mothers tongue.

Cognition and language interact to make sense of something, through perception. This means that a community A may perceive something as good or positive while community B perceive it as bad or negative, either through the names given to that thing or a particular symbol. For example, the odor of dried fish was described as excrement by the Germans, while among the Japanese, it was described as something edible Ayabe-Kanamura et al., (1998) Herz  von Clef,( 2001) Richardson  Zucco, (1989).The difference may be attributed to the fact that among the Japanese, fish was usually consumed on a daily basis, while in German, it was not the case. This can create some problems among the two groups, due to the different perceptions they have towards fish and could intensify the differences and reduce the similarities between the two cultural groups, thus affecting their perceptions towards each other. It is thus reasonable for one to argue that the cognitive processes which underlie the perception of odor may be regulated by cultural experience through the association of language to odors in a given culture. The ability to name a particular odor therefore influences how it is perceived (Distel  Hudson, 2001 Herz  von Clef, 2001)

This can lead to a barrier or an error in communication between the two cultural groups because, when they are interacting, the Japanese may be mentioning the term dry fish with ease, while the Germans may shy off, thus creating a missing link in communication and interaction between the two cultural groups. One strategy to be used to minimize these kind of errors is through the emphasis of the diversity of cultures when teaching languages, and de-emphasizing the aspect of ethnocentrism, which makes individuals view their culture as superior to other peoples culture and make them to see the culture of other people as retrogressive, primitive or poor, and instead, acknowledge ,through language learning and acquisition process, that other people are unique in their own way, and we ought to respect them the way they are.
                                                         
Language and cognition therefore interact with each other, to bring cultures together or apart, depending on the nature of the whole process of language acquisition, cognition and perceptions attached to different languages and symbols.

Language serves to convey information from one individual to another. Language acquisition in children is achieved through learning from others, observation, mimicking, or via the natural process of sound production from the voice box. Whether nature or nurture plays a role in language acquisition is debatable.

It is undeniable that nature plays a role in language acquisition especially in children.  .  Nature plays several roles in language acquisition and development. Nature allows better perception of speech than various other sounds. In addition, the nature of human vocal cavity where the larynx is placed in the respiratory tract makes it easy to manipulate the tongue thus enhancing speech processing. It is unsurprising that children that are congruently deaf learn to communicate effectively by use of signals language at a steady rate taken by normal children to make it through speech learning process.
Human brain is designed for easy language acquisition in children. According to Chomskyi, human brain is said to posses an inbuilt feature known as the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), that enables children to acquire native language speeches faster than other languages. In relation to Chomskyis research, the LAD has interconnected speech signals related to indigenous language switches (Klein, 1986). 

On the other hand, nurture plays a vital role in the acquisition of language in children. Language exposure that is offered to children helps them to learn language faster than if they were enclosed. In fact, imitation of what children hear hastens their ability to learn the language. The parents insisting on certain word pronunciation while they teach children how to speak enhances childrens language acquisition skills. 

Interaction between nature and nurture in language acquisition results to very complex development in language structure. Children hear speeches they try imitating, uttering one word, then two words, and afterwards strings of words through assistance by parents and other children who make their environment. More so, brain interaction with universal grammar causes maturity of language in humans. Nature initiates language acquisition while nurture perfects it.

Lexicon is defined as the systematic signal content of a certain language in which language vocabulary and syntax is stored. Lexicon is important in language acquisition and development because it contains lexemes of the language and plays a major role in the organization of mental vocabulary of a certain language speaker. For example, lexicon for English is different from French lexicon.

Lexical Decision experiments, age and frequency of language acquisition in children was tested in six different experiments to show the relationships of word naming pace and the ability to recognize written words. In the first experiment, it was realized that speed of naming words is affected by the acquisition age, holding frequency constant. In the second experiment which controlled acquisition age while testing frequency of word naming, no effect was found. Immediate word naming speed was affected by acquisition age and not frequency, as found out in experiments 3 and 4. The fifth and sixth experiments however tested independent effects of frequency and acquisition age on word naming (Marsley-Wilson, 1991). 

Language acquisition is quicker in children and becomes limited at the onset of puberty.  Most language signals can be learnt easily in young brains than in grown ups. It is thus difficult for adults to learn new language with its specific accent.

In conclusion, language acquisition is affected by the interaction of nature and nurture.  Nature however plays a greater role than nurture. 

The purpose of this paper is to be able to define the Abnormal Psychology as well as to be able to show the depth of understanding its various areas and symptoms. The paper will focus on anxiety and its branches. Also, the paper aims to discuss the purpose and importance of assessing and classifying the different disorders of anxiety. There are many cases of incorrect diagnosis of a patient or person. Because of the lack of proper assessment, classifying and diagnosing, patients are given incorrect treatment.

Introduction
People are faced and go through life experiencing an amount of stress and pressure one way or the other. A certain amount of anxiety is acceptable or considered normal especially when the contributor of these stressors are from real life situations that an individual can clearly identify.  Losing a job or anything that is work related, death in the family or someone close to that individual, preparing for a competition, or as simple as studying for an exam are examples that can contribute or make a person feel pressured. However, the period of feeling pressured or anxious is only momentary. On the other hand, Abnormal psychology deals with how it feels to be different, the meanings that get attached to being different, and how society deals with people whom it considers to be different (Sarason, 11th ed.). Individuals who suffer from abnormal psychology or mental illness experience the same stress and anxiety that of a regular person, only their stress level is much more heightened and prolonged.  In most cases these individuals cannot even pinpoint or identify the cause of their anxiety. According to Sarason, this field of psychology covers two related problems. First, the ability to think rationally and logically and second, is to cope effectively with stress and the challenges that arise in situations and throughout the life course, and third, demonstrate emotional stability and growth.

Understanding the person who is experiencing this kind of mental disability and illness is vital in his mental development and improvement.  Making them feel that you care and respect them and their feelings and emotions will help build their self-esteem, confidence and trust towards their clinicians. Proper classification and assessment of the persons state of mind is requisite for medical professionals and clinicians to formulate or conclude the right diagnosis so that proper treatment may be recommended and met.

Anxiety
There are many symptoms of anxiety and the most common responses or signs that denote a person is anxious are nervousness, fear and worry according to Sarason.  In abnormal psychology these three normal responses become abnormal when the reaction or manifestation of the emotions are heightened or intensified, that is because of these strong feelings, a person suffering from anxiety disorder turn out to be ineffective in almost all aspects of life. the five major types of anxiety disorders generalized anxiety disorder, in which tenseness and worry can almost incapacitate an individual panic disorder, in which there are recurring panic or anxiety attacks phobias, in which there is excessive and inappropriate fear obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which there are recurrent obsessions andor compulsions often accompanied by anxiety and depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, in which there are extreme psychological, behavioral, and physical continuing reactions to traumatic events long after the events occurrence (Sarason, 11th ed).

According to Sarason, anxiety is defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. Symptoms of this disorder are rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination, and tremors. These feelings or symptoms are associated with fear and those who suffer from this are not even aware or could not point a finger to what they fear of.

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is described to be prolonged and unexplainable fear with no particular object, unlike normal individuals experiencing fear or worry because of a certain event or situation that has occurred or experienced. Individuals suffering from anxiety disorders worry about minor things that have happened they also feel worried and tense even when nothing mildly alarming has occurred. They seem to spend a lot of time anticipating alarms that probably will not sound (Sarason, 11th ed). Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder are Worry and apprehensive feelings about the future, these are people who think and worry about their future. Hypervigilance  people, who cannot identify why they feel danger to them and are always on their feet on potential threats making them excessively scan their surroundings for peril causing them to deviate themselves from things or tasks that they have to do or accomplish. Motor tension most individuals who have this symptom find it hard or unable to relax and at most times shaky and tensed. Autonomic reactivity  people suffering from this symptom often have high pulse and respiratory rates among others.

Panic Disorder may come with no warning, and is a chronic and debilitating condition. The indicators of panic disorder are similar to those of generalized anxiety disorder, except that they are greatly magnified and usually have a sudden onset (Sarason, 11th ed).

Panic attacks are unexpected rush of feeling anxiety that can be caused by thoughts about something that is of importance to a person, or a stimulus that is brought about, or sometimes that just comes out spontaneously without any warning.

Features of panic disorder are similar to generalized anxiety disorder, only panic disorder is almost always hereditary and could be passed on to the next generation. Panic attacks may occur in just a matter of seconds and could extend to hours or days.

Phobias were derived from a Greek god named Phobos, that means fear, panic, fright or dread.  Phobic disorders, contrasting to generalized anxiety and panic disorders have an exact or specific object, situations or people. Phobic individuals may not manifest clinical features as individuals suffering from panic and generalized anxiety disorders their fears are out of proportion with reality, seem inexplicable, and are beyond their voluntary control (Sarason).  Examples of what phobic individuals fear of are aquaphobia, when the one is afraid of water aracnaphobia, when the one is afraid of spiders, or arcophoobia, when the one is afraid of heights.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder shows the driven quality of the thoughts and rituals seen in people with this condition (Sarason).  People who have this kind of disorder are those who spend an excessive amount of energy, attention and time on little things. Individuals who are considered obsessive are preoccupied with a particular thought.  Compulsive people have the tendency to perform a specific action repeatedly.

A person suffering from this disorder has the compulsion to do things in a certain way. This can be in a form of a routine or ritual. Just like the example given in the book Abnormal Psychology The Problem of Maladaptive Behavior, a young lady would have special routines before starting to take a shower. Little things such as the shower curtains need to be fixed or hanged in a certain way. The faucets and tub had to be excessively clean and had to organize each and everything in the bathroom before proceeding to taking her bath or shower.  Because of this kind of behaviour, she is most likely to miss a lot in life, like missing the bus to school, therefore having to go and find an alternate way to get there.

People who are experiencing this kind of affliction are hindered from opportunities in life because they focus too much on a specific thing, event or thought. They never notice that there could have been a great occasion that just passed them by.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is based on a trauma or traumatic experience that the person was involved in.  Examples of posttraumatic experience are participating or going to war, natural calamities such as earthquakes and super typhoons or being threatened.

People experience trauma once in awhile. However, posttraumatic stress is the prolonged emotion of being traumatized by a specific event, situation or person. Though being traumatized or have the feeling of that is natural when one has experienced something that is severe, posttraumatic stress disorder is the inability to snap or get out of that trauma and move on. Individuals with this disorder have the tendency to relive or reenact a particular event that happened in their life. This can be an accident, a bad experience during ones school years or death of a loved one. Preoccupation with the traumatic event may also lead to decreased interest in social relationships, intimacy, and sexuality (Sarason).

Treating Anxiety Disorders
A number of misdiagnosis has happened in the past. There are a lot of environmental stress that can add up to the feelings and pressure of an ill individual that can cause further damage to the patient.  These individuals go on their everyday lives being branded by most of the people surrounding them. This is the whole reason why proper assessment and classification is needed to be sure of what kind of treatment or help clinicians can recommend and prescribe to ensure the improvement of the person. To be able to classify and assess the person, professionals need to diagnose and understand what the patient is saying. It is in their words and body language that give out the signs for professionals to read and detect and eventually know what treatment to prescribe the patient.

Assessment and Classification
Diagnosis is an important step in the process of identifying and classifying a clinical condition (Sarason). Obtaining accurate and exact diagnosis is not only required and needed but useful as well as not just for clinicians and professionals. This is their foundation and basis to treating individuals with any kind of disorder.

The objective of assessing is to get to information and know the individuals problem and with doing so, they will be able to classify what kind of disorder the person has. Understanding the behavior and the characteristics will clarify which approach and path to take for treatment.

Getting to know the patient is pertinent to a clinician. Finding out things such as their religious beliefs and culture, even their ethnic differences are taken into account and incorporated in their assessment, notes and study. All this information and data gathered are very important. Human beings are unique and this is because of the culture that we are born into, values that our parents has instilled in us and the peers that we have or the influences that the person is exposed to. This is why clinicians must look at every angle and turn every stone just to know and understand the person that they are talking to and will be treating if found to have mental illness.

Basis of Classification
It was mentioned earlier that classification of mental disorder is important, so how do clinicians and professionals do it What are the things that they need to do and prepare in order for them to classify, assess and diagnose a person whether or not he is suffering from mental illness We can do sum up and classify by interviewing the patient.

Interview is the most commonly used tool in assessing the person which have two types assessment and therapeutic. Assessment interview is to gather up information and evaluate behavior. The interviewer aims to understand the reason why the patient is in search for help. Therapeutic interview is done after the assessment interview is made and the interviewer or clinician has already summed up information from the patient and fully understands what bothers and ails the patient. This session is made either one-on-one with a therapist or may also include loved ones and family members. It will be of great help if the family members are interviewed so the therapist may also have a clearer and wider view of what is happening and going on with the patients behavior.  Deciding on what treatment to go with will be based greatly on the assessment part of the interview. 

Interview content
The content of the interview is to be able to identify the problem and know the gravity or extent of maladaptive behavior. Normally, the therapist will start to ask how the patient views the problem, the history of the problem and how vulnerable he or she is at that point.

Interviewers Role
The role of the interviewer is to observe and take behavior samples for them to predict the patients future behavior. The interviewer has to come up with valid relationships with the patients behavior in present and future situations and his behavior during the interview.

During the interview, the interviewer makes actual and mental notes of how the patient behaves and responses. Making a good and objective evaluation of an interview must not be focused on the patient only. The evaluation must be based on the connection and relationship that the interviewer will have with the patient.

Conclusion
Anxiety is a Psychological disorder that is treatable whether hereditary or acquired because of a traumatic event in a persons life. But because anxiety has so many branches and fields, there are different kinds and approaches for treatment. It is really important and a must for a professional or a clinician to understand the different areas of mental disorder.  Properly conducting assessments for them to be able to classify which disorder the patient or client has, correct diagnosis will be given, thus, the right treatment.

Although there are theories that came from many known contributors to this science, it is not enough in order to help individuals suffering from anxiety. Field experience joined with the theories formulated by psychologist will help you be an effective clinician or therapist. As therapists, paying attention to the patient and understanding where they are coming from, the pain that they are going through, the thoughts and past events of their lives will make it easy on helping and treating the individual.

Perception is process through which human beings interpret and organize sensation so as to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Perception results to sensation which is the immediate unprocessed result of sensory receptors stimulation. The human body consists of several body parts such as the eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose which are sensational enough to help an individual understand the surrounding environment. Perception therefore, describes an individuals ultimate experience of the world and involves coordination of the sensory input.

The concept of perception describes the process whereby human sensory stimulation is translated into organized experience (Hamlyn D.W., 1961). Perception is one of the major concepts in psychology which measures the relationship between past experiences, individuals way of life and interpretation of how individuals visualize things. An individuals conscience is a very relevant aspect in perception. Two major considerations about consciousness should be put in place so as to understand the concept of perception.

Phenomenal and psychological consciousness is the two major considerations in the concept of human perception. A phenomenal situation such as occurrences that are usually physical and can be observed within the surrounding of a human being makes individuals to perceive in different dimensions. Through such occurrences which results to human sensation, individuals come up with logical solutions to particular problems. The psychological aspect of consciousness is used to explain an individuals capacity to approach certain issues. The process of psychological perception can be summarized into surrounding- input- processing-output which has been supported by many psychologists.

Perceptual organizational process
Perceptual organizational process is a process in which managers in an organization adapt organizing sensory input into interpretable and coherent perceptual structures. This process is usually challenging because of its nature and different organization structure. Various sub processes such as image segmentation, figure ground segmentation and object recognition make the process to be more complicated. A break down of the perceptual organizational process can be analyzed properly through understanding events, people and activities surrounding organization managers.

 Managers in an organization make decisions based on their perception about the surrounding environment. The perception of managers in relation to a certain issue is also driven by professional field in which a manager is best at. The process starts when a manager receives constant stream of events involving other people (Breu Karin, 2001).The manager then connects the information received through senses with settings in the organization. This is a tricky process because only sensational managers can afford to analyze certain situations and come up with concrete solution.

The mind at this particular time should be coordinating things with the surrounding environment. The brain is a very important part that should connect events and help managers to come up with possible solution to certain organizational problems. The verdict of the manager is the final step towards perception of various ideas and strategies in an organization. The skill of the manager helps him or her to understand the perceptual process better so as to perceive events and people in an accurate manner. It is thus a process through which a manager in an organization has a better base for making wise decisions.

Biofeedback is a learned process that involves   the in controlling physiological responses of the body. These responses can be either in the voluntary system, such as skeletal musculature, or in the involuntary, or autonomic, nervous system, such as heart rate, vascular responses frequently indirectly measured as temperature, and sympathetic discharges measured by the electrical skin response 1.
Biofeedback can be used to control certain biological responses that cause health problems, such as headaches, chronically taut muscles got from accidents or sports injuries, asthma, high blood pressure, and heart arrhythmias. It is a method often used instead of a complementation to drugs as a way of pain control. A hypothesis to explain biofeedback mechanism phenomenon, lies in the concept of variable set points in our brain. The processes are largely based upon the concept of maintaining a state of homeostasis, or equilibrium. These various points of biological equilibrium can be considered as our bodies set points. An example of such a set point is the regulation of body temperature by the hypothalamus. The variable properties of these set points explains how sweet cools off our bodies on a hot day, or why people tend to shudder when they are feverish these conditions that the body endures causes the hypothalamus to re-establish respectively lower and higher set points2.
How biofeedback produce a relaxing state of mind and body

What is physiology
Physiology is the study of life, specifically, on how cells, tissues, and organisms function. The key areas range from the functions of single cells to the interactions between human populations and our environment here on earth, the moon, and beyond. Physiologists work in laboratories, in libraries, in the field, and in space. For example, a physiologist may study how a particular enzyme contributes to the functions of a specific cell or sub cellular organelle.Physiology is important because it is the foundation upon which we build our knowledge of what life is, how to treat disease, and how to cope with stresses imposed upon our bodies by new environments. Physiological studies of normal biological function provide the basis for understanding the abnormal function seen in animal and human disease and for developing new methods for treating those diseases. The study of physiological processes can encompass a wide array of other disciplines, such as neurophysiology, pharmacology, cell biology, and psychology etc 3. 

Physiology theories
As stated by John Dewey4, States that As pain can be differentiated from the sensations in connection with which it generally appears in consciousness, as it shows itself under circumstances in which the tissue of the end organs or the nerves themselves are affected, and as in the diseases in which we find pain as a constant concomitant, those parts are affected, which are richly supplied with blood vessels by means of supporting and nourishing tissues, and as in those diseases which pass usually without pain the tissues affected are poorly supplied with such blood vessels, and enter into relation with the capillaries generally through the lymph, for the purposes of secretion, it becomes at least probable that, physiologically, pain may be considered as the interference through poisons or violence or otherwise with the process of nutrition as carried out in the finer arteries and blood vessels. Pleasure must from this standpoint be considered as physiologically the normal or rather heightened process of nutrition in the organs, and the nerve paths which connect these with the central nervous system would be probably the sympathetic.

The theoretical foundations of the whole body breathing and exercising
During intense exercise, circulatory systems must deliver large amounts of oxygen to tissues and remove large amounts of carbon oxide. When the mitochondria inside animal cells are producing ATP via cellular respiration, they consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. To support continued ATP production, cells have to obtain oxygen and expel excess carbon dioxide continuously. If the volume of carbon dioxide is allowed to accumulate up in tissues, depilating disease symptoms may appear. And if oxygen flow to tissues is interrupted, suffocation or drowning may results. Death occurs because ATP production stops. The gas exchanged between animals mitochondria and the external environment, gases and other materials are circulated throughout the body. This is a mechanism of response to homeostasis with respect to blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and with respect to blood pressure.5 Respiration as a physiological system that has the potential to mediate stress- related symptoms. The acid-base regulation that occurs during breathing, involves hyperventilation a process where by more tidal flow of air is necessary to preserve the acid-base balance. This process produces symptoms characterized as stress related like dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea, panic, chest pain, anxiety.6 understanding gas exchange and circulation is a fundamental to understanding how animals work.

Breathing occurs between the gas is exchanged between the environment and the mitochondria. It follows three sequences of ventilation which occurs when air or water moves through gas exchange organs such as the lungs oxygen and carbon dioxide between and blood occurs circulation occurs when the dissolved gases are transported throughout the body through the circulatory system and cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood as mitochondria uses oxygen to release carbon dioxide during respiration.

According to Paul M. Lehrer, Robert L. Wool Flolk and Wesley E sim, exercising as a form of theoretical form of foundation is considered as a variable adjunctive stress management treatment. For anxiety and depression and some other disorders inclusive. They noted that exercising therapy involves responsibility to and communication with other health care professionals. There may be need medical recommendation that is necessary and closely monitored from qualified professionals like physicians, physical therapist, psychiatrist, social workers or counselors. They reported that exercise therapy is considered a valuable adjunctive stress management treatment for anxiety and depression and some other form of disorders inclusive.

Evidence about exercising as a form of treatment shows positive feed back. The mechanism to exercising that benefit cognitively or physiologically is yet to be understood. The dosage required for achievement differs greatly from individual to another, and the form of exercise prescription also varies from one kind to the other. The benefit to an exercise to an optimal benefit appears when a client is actively involved in vigorous movement at least three to five times a week. 

Clinical contradictions
Critics only existed at a time when there was still less advance in science. John H Grohol pointed out, in his argument, that only a single study that appears to contradict his conclusions, which were generality of his conclusions that were dependent on multiple studies. Despite his support of meta-analysis, Dawes often resorts to falling back on one or two studies in a large field to make his point, simply ignoring the rest of the studies in the field 7. But modern day discoveries in science discoveries have proven biofeed back therapy more use full. In treatment that relax muscle and also the heart.  As noted by Kranitz, Linda JD  Lehrer, Paul PhD 7 the use of biofeedback therapies for hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, cardiac ischemia, myocardial infarction, has showed gain.

Biofeed back help to extreme stress and anxiety
According to Dr Melinda Smith 1, Biofeedback as a form of treatment uses sensors that measure specific physiological functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension. Biofeedback teaches you to recognize the bodys anxiety response and learn how to control them using relaxation techniques. This treatment improves the quality of life.

Since Thomas is suffering from the effects of extreme stress and anxiety attacks, he may have benefit from low energy neurotherapy system. A form of biofeed back treatment used to enhances mood and cognitive rehabilitation. This form of therapy increases would increase his flexibility and functioning, learning of all kinds becomes easier, insight comes more readily, and tolerance and patience increase when it comes to the way he should communicate to his teenage son. He may learn new skills of how to father teens more quickly and become more capable of self-management at his food store. For these reasons, this biofeedback type could dramatically enhance the process his other physical and psychological therapies. The reason biofeedback option for his treatment is because the central nervous system symptoms and slow brain waves are related. When Thomas is overly stressed, his brainwaves may get fixed, or stuck in a pattern of predominantly low frequencies. Symptoms may include anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue, hyperactivity, distractibility, spiciness, mood swings, confusion, disorganization, problems with sleep, concentration, memory and attention, reading comprehension, and following conversations. This biofeedback therapy may help the brains natural ability to perform with clarity, harmony, and balance.

The way low energy neurotherapy system works it reduces EEG by slowing down and optimizes functioning.  In this, Thomass brainwaves would guide the return of feedback to the brain. Feedback is normally provided by an energy field too low that it is only detectable by the brain. The feedback process is considered to reduce EEG hence slowing, and permitting the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of Thomass brain, to work normally again. The normally working of Thomass brain may allow the cortex portion to exercise better control of his mood, cognitive functioning, allow him have smoother and better-coordinated movement, and more restful energy. These changes in his treatment through feedback method, gives him support greater flexibility of functioning as normal as in normal state of mind when he would be stress free. With this form of biofeed back way of treatment, Thomas sensitivity, and the complexity and duration of symptoms may determine on how long treatment may last. Effects of a single upset may be resolved in as few as three or four sessions. Lifelong or complex problems may take 40 or more. Where by a single session may last approximately 45 minutes

Article involving exercise efficiency
Research summary
Study Design. This study was a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

Objective
The comparison of the effectiveness of aquatic exercise interventions with land-based exercises as a form of treatment of chronic low back pain.

Summary of Background Data
Land-based exercise and physiotherapy are the main treatment tools used for chronic lower back pain. Clinical experience indicates that aquatic exercise may have advantages for patients with musculoskeletal disorders.

Methods
A total of 65 patients with chronic low back pain were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive aquatic exercise or land-based exercise treatment protocol. Aquatic exercise program consisted of 20 sessions, five times a week for four weeks in a swimming pool at 33C. Land-based exercise  a form of home-based exercise program were demonstrated by a physiotherapist on one occasion and then they were given written advice the patients were assessed for spinal mobility, pain, disability, and quality of life. Evaluations were performed before treatment and after treatment on the forth week and on the twelfth week.

Results
In both groups, statistically significant improvements were detected in all outcome measures with exceptions in modified Schober test compared with baseline. However, improvement in modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability questionnaire and physical function and role limitations due to physical functioning subpart of Short-Form 36 Health Survey were better in aquatic exercise group at a probability of less than 0.05.

Conclusion
It is concluded that a water-based exercises produced better improvement in disability and quality of life of the patients with CLBP than land-based exercise.

In a free market system, it is routine for people to acquire basic necessities through shopping.  The necessities shopped are not only those that the individual buyer may need but also of others, often of members in the household where such individual belongs.  These basic commodities include food, personal care items, clothes, household maintenance stuffs, pet food, and other needs. All these are items that may require regular replenishment.  Clothes may not be bought as often as the other commodities since these take a longer time before being worn out but still they are considered as regular purchases by virtue of their being essential.  Since the commodities mentioned are replenished regularly, buying these becomes a routine.  The tendency of the shopper is to make a list of what must be bought or simply to remember such items, a task that should not be difficult to perform because such commodities are routinely purchased.  However, while in the actual process of shopping, a great number of individuals experience the urge to buy more than the amount they originally intended to have or the temptation to get items that they never planned to buy.  This is called impulse buying, an occurrence that nearly all shoppers experience although not all would succumb to it.  Impulse buying may be beneficial at times to the shopper, making him or her flexible with the predetermined buying list according to what is available and suddenly recognized necessity.  Oftentimes, however, it can be detrimental to the individual finances especially when it becomes a habit.  On the other hand, the vendors and businesses, in general, consider it as a favorable condition.  In fact, efforts in advertising have been primarily addressed to take advantage of such condition.  Advertising materials are being placed anywhere in order not just to facilitate the purchase once the impulse to buy is felt but also to trigger it as well.  Because of this, impulse buying is a very common experience among individuals shopping for items primarily intended for satisfying their basic needs.  It is created by inherent tendencies in shoppers and environmental factors in a consumer society.

Impulse buying can become a problematic behavior for many people.  To address this problem, it has become necessary to identify the basic human tendencies which become subjective causal factors.  An individual shopper may not have in mind a particular item when he or she gets inside a store aside from those already predetermined.  Upon seeing an attractive image of such item, the shopper may suddenly feel physical tension, which is indicative of the desire to acquire it.  This is explained by drive reduction theory, in which motivation begins with a physiological need (a lack or deficiency) that elicits a drive toward behavior that will satisfy the original need.  (Huffman 409)  The level of the tension or desire may vary among individuals.  Nevertheless, it is only when such desire is satisfied that the shopper achieves homeostasis or state of balance and, consequently motivation is significantly reduced. 

However, to consider that only internal factors as the cause for impulse buying is to negate the fact that there are individuals who experience it in lesser degrees of intensity or not at all. Impulse buying is less likely to occur when the external conditions, factors beyond the control of the individual shopper, are not favorable for such urges to occur.  For example, if there are no other items being sold in the shop other than what the individual already intends to buy, choices are limited.  Impulse buying is effectively prevented when there are limitations in choices and quantities.  Therefore, the motivation occurs when external factors are present.  According to incentive theory, external factors pull people towards objectives that satisfy them or away from those that that they detest.  (Huffman 412) 

There are items that are not actually necessary but are still bought upon impulse.  This does not, however, mean that the act of shopping is actually impulsive.  What can be based on compulsion are purchases made when these are not included in the predetermined buying list.  Nevertheless, once this previously unlisted or unanticipated item begins to be bought at a regular basis, this may no longer fall under the category of impulsive buying.  It may be called a habit which has been developed through a process of repeated interaction of urge and reaction. (Ji  Wood 275)  In this case, what was once thought of as unnecessary becomes very much a part of the shopping list regularly made by the individual.  What was once prompted by just impulsive buying becomes a necessity not because of its use value but due to force of habit.  A shopper, for example, may not have any intention at all to buy a certain lotion brand because of an unattractive price and because he or she has apprehensions in trying it.  At one instance, the lotion brand was offered at lower prices while the said individual was shopping for basic necessities.  This prompted the impulse to buy and try it.  Once the individual finds out that the lotion is better than the usual choice, this item can become a part of the list for shopping regularly. The first instance of buying is impulsive but the following occurrences are certainly not.  However, the impulsive buyer does not display this particular behavior for one product or item but feels the urge with anything offered in situations where the actual purchase can be conveniently completed.

It is clear that impulsive buying cannot be defined by merely describing the act of purchasing an unanticipated item.  Instead, it refers to the general behavior of the buyer once in the confines of an environment where external causal factors operate, such as a shopping mall, a grocers store, or a boutique. There are signs that usually occur once the individual feels the urge to buy impulsively.  First is that the individual suddenly feels the spontaneous desire to act.  (Wood 269)  When this occurs, the shopper does not immediately see the reason why an attractive item must not be bought.  The attractive features can be over-emphasized to the point that the basis for creating a shopping list is blurred or set aside. Contradicting notions can interfere soon before a more drastic reaction in favor of buying the unanticipated item though.  Because of this the individual senses a state of psychological confusion.  At this point, the shopper experiences the conflict between the impulse and the reasons why the item must not be bought.  As this conflict intensifies, the individual usually becomes more prone to buy impulsively.  The intensification is actually a struggle of self-indulgence against pre-meditated concepts that have been achieved in the absence of favorable external conditions.  Impulse buying is finally realized when the quality of cognitive evaluation is lessened and the consequences for such action is disregarded.  In this case, Freuds theory on id, ego, and superego is at work.  The sudden reaction to the sight of an attractive item, which is to buy it immediately, is driven by principle of pleasure or of instant self-gratification this is id.  (Huffmann)  However, impulse buying may not be realized at once if the individual shopper is reminded of other hindering principles, such as the concept that purchasing something that is just meant for luxury is wrong this is superego.  Under this circumstance, when the individual is caught between his id and superego, he or she undertakes the process of rationalizing before coming out with a decision whether or not to buy the item this is ego.  If the individual cannot reach the point of ego or if he or she immediately purchases the item without the benefit of a rational decision process, the id is dominant. 

There are concepts about impulse buying as merely the product of free will.  However, according to Hofmann et al, the concept of free will may carry too much metaphysical baggage for this purpose and may hinder rather than advance our understanding of the conflict between consumer impulse and self-control that appears to characterize the marketplace just as any other sphere of human life. (Free to Buy  25)  By concluding that free will is the sole basis why people go on impulse buying, the fact that shoppers actually have a list of things to be bought is ignored.  It is uncommon for people to go to a store or a shopping mall to buy things, without any particular item in mind.  They may have free will in deciding what to purchase but this cannot be likened to impulse buying because they have used such free will in deciding what to buy before going to the shop. Hofmann et al only presented the concept that the behavior of the consumer when confronted with the urge to buy an unanticipated item is shaped by the contradiction between impulse and reason, between impulsion and reflection.  This does not relate the behavior to the external conditions that whet unexpectedly the consumers appetite to buy outside of the predetermined shopping list.

The inherent conditions in a free market system are concrete factors that favor the tendency of individuals to buy impulsively.  Free market systems shape a consumer society, where the economy is largely dictated by the competition among business interests.  Businesses are established and run not just to satisfy the basic necessities of the consuming public.  Its main objective is not to sell and meet demands but to acquire as much profit as possible.  In order to do this, business companies commonly practice demand creation.  This is a process wherein needs are manufactured so that a particular product that addresses it is sold.  To raise the demand of such product, businesses present it with an affordable price and through effective advertising.  There is a common notion that the affordability of the price is solely the external factor that prompts an individual to buy on impulse.  As in the previous example regarding the individual buying a lotion on impulse, the favorable price, perhaps brought about by discounts or special promotions, is indeed a factor.  However, this is not the only external factor.  In fact, it is not the major contributing external condition at all.  A study in the behavior of internet-based impulse buying shows that it is not price but the appearance and convenience of the vendors website. (User Interface Engineering)  Therefore, it is actually advertising or the image on the product being projected that contributes much as a factor external of the individual shopper.  Businesses have even considered reducing the prices of their products not because of its lessened use value but because they want to make it marketable enough.  Another aspect of advertising is by stimulating the basic human instinct of hedonism.  Products are always presented to satisfy not just the basic needs but the more artificial wants of the buying public. Favorable prices and image, along with the convenience of acquiring a commodity, are the external factors that prompt impulse buying.   According to Wood, such purchases account for a significant portion of the excitement and the hedonic satisfaction that consumers feel when making consumption purchases, both in the present day as well as in the past. (Discretionary unplanned buying 279)

There are internal and external factors that prompt an individual to buy on impulse.  Internally, the individual may have the sense of need or want for an item, whether this is fundamental or created by consumer society.  What make this internal tendency operative however, are the presence and the advertising of the product. Therefore, impulse buying is not just an incident that can be attributed to distinct individual traits.  It is also a phenomenon that a free market system brings about.

Non-verbal communication or when abbreviated written as NVC in its simplest terms can be defined as the process of communication which is mainly conducted without the aid of words. This process of communication is mainly based on the fact that communication itself can take place without the usage of words, not only can it take place but it can also serve as an effective source of communication simultaneously.

Differences between non-verbal and other forms of communication
In order to have a clear understanding of non-verbal communication it is first better to understand the difference between non-verbal communication and other forms of communications. Linguistic proficient apply a very strict approach when using the word verbal as in their context the word verbal is used in the communication process which involves words. It is also important to mention here that verbal or oral communication is not used as a synonym to verbal communication by linguistic experts.
Another important difference between these forms of communication is that in non-verbal communication the numbers of channels available for the source to effectively communicate with its receiver are much more diverse present in any other setting of communication, messages are send to the receiver using gestures and postures which are able to effectively communicate the desired message to the receiver without the usage of any words.

The history of non-verbal communication dates back to 19th century when breakthrough advancement in exploring the characteristics of non-verbal communication come on the surface in the year 1872 by a book written by the renowned naturalist Charles Darwin titled as The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals, the book argued that all human beings show and manifest emotions reliably in their faces and a substantial proportion of communication conducted by people in their everyday life is based on non-verbal messages (Freitas-Magalhes 2006,p50).

In contemporary times the study of non-verbal communication has developed into a complete science of communication further sub-dividing into linguistics, semiotics and social psychology. Non-verbal communication is mainly based on arbitrary symbols and presentations which vary from one culture to the culture, nevertheless a considerable percentage of these symbols are also iconic and are universally understood such as anger, disgust, joy, sadness and fear. This form of communication also includes elements such as height, physique, weight, gender and odor which also help in the overall process of interaction, for example a study that was conducted in Vienna some time back about spinster women demonstrated that their sexual motivation and hormonal makeover was directly allied with the kind of clothes they wore which showed greater display of skin, even though verbal communication is completely sidelined from the situation it is the non-verbal message send by the kind of clothes worn which depicts their desire for copulation.

Another research which investigated different perceptions regarding heights showed that normally taller people are found to be more impressive, it is quite readily observed that whenever people want to be influential during their conversation and want to make a powerful impression they usually take support of a stand or a platform to increase their height thus making a better impact. In addition to this uniforms worn by police officers or officials of any other organization depict messages about their work and their position. (Andersen 2007, p53)

All such features collectively converge on the significance of non-verbal communication and its effectuality in the understanding of various communication settings in everyday life. In many times these situations develop a permanent and concrete position in the setting of the human mind promoting the development and generation of stereotypes, for example once a person is completely acquainted with the fact that a person who wears a police uniform is there to maintain law and order any such activity which is considered illegal or unlawful will be abstained that attracts his attention and leads to further deterioration of the entire situation. It is mainly because stereotype has developed in the minds using the technique of non-verbal communication which convinces the human mind about their role as law keepers.

Extensive research has been conducted on non-verbal communication to discover its multitude characteristics as the messages by non-verbal communication are often very subtle and hence human beings are not very consciously aware of this form of communication, hence non-verbal communication is categorized into a number of types. An understanding of these types is very important in comprehending the various aspects related to non-verbal communication.

Body language and postures
First and the most important of this is the type of facial expression. Facial expression can be used to convey a wide variety of messages, it is easily noted that a smile or a frown can be used as a tool for conveying a large spectrum of messages. Non-verbal communication and behavior can vary substantially from one culture to the other it is the facial expression of different emotions such as fear, anger and joy which occupy a uniform position throughout all cultures and nations.

Next in line to facial expressions are the gestures which are also closely allied with the former. Deliberate movements and gestures also occupy an important position when communicating messages without the usage of language. Commonly used gestures which include waving, pointing and other related to pointing number or figures are widely used by people. Other gestures excluding these are different in every culture.

Paralinguistic is a separate and complete branch of non-verbal communication in which communication takes place through vocal communication which is different from actual language. Many of these factors include such as tone of voice, loudness, pitch and inflection. It is not very difficult to realize the powerful impact that the tone with which the message is delivered can have a subsequent powerful effect on the meaning of the sentence. Something delivered in a strong tone will be interpreted in terms of enthusiasm but when the same thing is delivered in a rather hesitant tone conveys indifference and non-approval.

Another category of non-verbal communication which has been of media interest since the 1970s is the area of body postures and language which can provide a great deal of information to the source from the receiver however popular media has invested a lot of time and money on the over exposure of postures which were very revealing in nature. Postures such as leg-crossing, arm-crossing and defensive postures have always attracted a lot of media attention. While some non-verbal behaviors can comprehensibly manifest feelings and attitudes research experts and their studies suggest that the kind of messages and communication portrayed by body language are much more subtle and tedious to decrypt.

Next is the category of proxemics which is actually the personal space people often refer to as their need also constitutes an important branch of non-verbal communication. The distance that an individual requires and the amount of space perceived by individuals as being belonging to them comprises of many factors including social norms, level of acquaintance and personal characteristics. Studies have shown that when conversing with a familiar or acquainted person the distance is usually measured to be between 10 to 12 inches whereas distance increases to 15 to 18 inches when taking to someone we do not know.

Looking, gazing or winking also includes important non-verbal messages. It has been proved from scientific research that when people come across or view things that they like the rate of blinking increases considerably and their eye- pupils dilate. On the other hand encountering something that you did not like may give result to diverse emotions which can be hostile, interesting or attractive.

Touch communication or haptics as it is more scientifically known accentuates on the involvement. Extensive research on this particular topic shows that organisms who were deprived of this touch communication failed to develop interactive characteristics as compared to their counterparts. A very famous study conducted by Harry Harlow which was done on monkeys showed that monkeys who were deprived from this sensation and were raised from wire mothers showed impeding signs of development and stayed aloof from social interactions.

Last but not the least the appearance of the individual made up his garments and other things also constitute an important part of the entire non-verbal communication. Research conducted on color psychology has shown that different colors play an important role in invoking different moods. Moreover appearance can also help in developing different interpretations, judgments and physiological reactions.

A hypothesis put forward said whereas spoken language mainly comprises of events that are usually ignorant to the speakers, non-verbal codes are usually implied for the establishment and the strong maintenance of interpersonal relationships which is one of the most effective forms of communication, in order to maintain a rather polite and courteous tone in conversation non-verbal communication is much more preferred.

Functions of non-verbal communication
Nonetheless primary functions served by non-verbal communication have been summed to five which includes in providing correct and transparent expression to emotions, expressing interpersonal manners. Non-verbal communication also serves to accompany speech in properly managing cues of interactivity between the source and the receiver. This form of communication also plays a vital role in providing an opportunity to self-present ones personality. Last but not the least it is also important during the performance of various rituals and traditions and portraying the feelings of a person during such events. In addition to this by using non-verbal communication technique it is much easier to lie when compared to other forms of communication (Griffin, 2001). Such were the results disclosed by a study that investigated the relationship between deception and non-verbal communication. The study found out that in situations where people watched prepared interviews of people accused of stealing a wallet over 50 of the interviewees lied and one thing common in all these interviewees was that they had access to video recordings or written transcripts, in simpler words the greater the presence of concrete evidence available to interviewees, the greater the percentage of deception that was found in their statements, hence the study proved that whenever people tend to lie they normally take support of non-verbal communication techniques such as voice tone or facial expression which coerces other people to believe that they are speaking a fake truth.

Relations between verbal and non-verbal communication
Study of the interrelationship between verbal and non-verbal communication is also important in understanding the major salient features of non-verbal communication. Linguistic experts have found that both these types of communication interact with each other in six different ways. First and foremost is the setting of repeating which involves the usage of gestures repeatedly in order to strengthen the impact of the message such as periodically pointing on the object of discussion (Calero 2005, p24).

Next in line is the communication setting of complementing. Through the procedure of complementing the interpretation of the message is made much easier as both verbal and non-verbal methods of communication complement each other. In such a communication situation non-verbal cues are mainly used to enforce and highlight the subsequent importance of verbal messages which ultimately plays an important role in the achievement of the desired objectives. It has been proved through research methods that messages make a much deeper and better impact when verbal and non-verbal communication correspond each other(Hertenstein, Holmes, McCullough and Keltner,2009).

Contrary to the communication setting described above is that of conflicting. It might not be difficult to understand the literal meaning of conflicting as it implies to messages in which verbal and non-verbal messages contradict each other. Examples of this kind of communication might be difficult to point out but if a person is verbally pointing out a certain issue and at the same time is busy fidgeting using his eye contact might not be able to convey a fix particular message to the receiver and hence a the probability of a clash between the two kinds of communication enhances substantially. Such kinds of messages may arise due to various reasons out of which ambivalence, uncertainty or frustration. When such a situation occurs the best way to rescue the situation is to take immediate support of verbal communication so that the message being transferred can take place without any misunderstandings or semantic noise in the entire noise is greatly reduced to enhance the clarity of the message being sent (Calero 2005, p65).

Following the interaction of conflict is the setting of substituting which in actuality describes the effectiveness in using non-verbal means of communication. The communication process of substituting is solely based on non-verbal means of communication as it allows an individual complete liberty to identify facial expressions, body postures and positioning implying to specific feelings, emotions and sentiments. The significance of this communication can be judges with the fact that message fidelity can be made be very simple in this particular setting by the easy usage of non-verbal messages, whereas in circumstances when non-verbal communication is found to be acting ambiguous or vague verbal messages for enhancing clarity and comprehensibility are used (Calero, 2005, p97).

Next is the communicative interaction of regulating, through non-verbal messages our communication is also regulated for example by touching someones arm even though words are not delivered but the message through non-verbal means is clearly communicated that an interruption in the ongoing process of conversation is required.

Last but not the least is the communication setting of moderating which is also known as accenting. In this kind of setting non-verbal messages are used to alter the interpretation of the message. Non-verbal behavior is used to amplify, moderate or slow down the message being communicated even if they are being communicated verbally (Jones  Quach, n.d).

Difficulties of non-verbal communication
The potential of human beings to comprehend and send non-verbal messages vary on the basis of gender, thus on the basis of a moderate degree women are found to be much better in decrypting and decoding non-verbal messages and communication than males. Calculations and mathematical procedures applied by linguistic experts to measure the potentials of conducting non-verbal communication and its relation empathy demonstrated that both these qualities are mutually exclusive to each other. People if not completely well-versed in non-verbal communication can develop difficulties in fostering interpersonal relationships nevertheless there are courses and methods through which they can overcome this loophole of their personality very effectively. People who usually face difficulty in communicating non-verbally with others are those who are infected by either autism spectrum disorders or with Asperger Syndrome.

Conclusion
In conclusion it would be important and appropriate to say that both kinds of communication whether verbal, non-verbal or third or fourth category of communication that is prevalent and practiced at large by masses, the very presence of the kind of communication manifests and provides the testimony about the effectuality of that certain setting of communication. All kinds of communication methods that God has blessed man with portray His attributes that despite of providing human beings with a tongue He has also provided them with the potential of communicating effectively even when they are not using it. Similarly if one wants to realize the true significance of non-verbal communication he or she must observe a person who cannot speak and whose entire life is based on facial expressions, body postures and kinesics provided by non-verbal communication.