Psychology

Did you know that Judaism religion has very unique religious practices According to the American Jewish Committee, (2005), Judaism is a religion which is practiced by the Jews. It is strongly rooted in Israel, the United States, United Kingdom and Ethiopia. The people in the world need to appreciate all the religions and the practices they have, as they are a unification factor to the various groups. Reid, (2008) states that there has to be a place for appreciating other religious beliefs but not destroying or criticizing them. He states that no one has a right to subvert the fundamental principles of the Jews or criticize their places of worship. This paper seeks to discuss the kaparot festival of the Jews as a multicultural issue.

The kaparot multicultural experience
It started as a mere visit, and ended up to a wholesome experience that I will never forget. It was on a fine afternoon when I went to visit my friend whom I had not seen for a long time. After eating a well cooked meal, he showed me around his home. What caught my attention was a poultry house which had thousands of chickens. It was disheartening to learn that the poor creatures had not eaten or drunk water for many days. I really wondered why my friend, whom I considered to be sensitive on the rights of animals had to do this.

The answer he gave me of the most shocking thing I have ever had in my life. He explained to me that they were requirements for the religion that he practiced, and he was convinced that starving the birds was not wrong. He invited me to a festival where the birds would be of a great importance. According to him, he made good profits from the birds during the festival, as he sold them to the members of his religious group. I have never been so expectant in life. I was eagerly waiting to see what he all meant, as most of what he was saying seemed to me as sheer confusion.

The experience I had was that of attending the Jewish religious event known as kaparot. It is a religious ritual of the traditional Jews which occurs in the High Holidays. Normally, a live chicken is grasped by the shoulder blades. Afterwards, the chicken is moved around ones head for only three times. This action is symbolic, as it is believed that there is a transfer of sins to ones chicken. When the ritual is over, all the chicken are slaughtered and given to the poor people. The chickens are eaten at a festival known as pre_Yom Kippur. Before the ritual is performed, the book of Job 3323-24 and Psalms 10717-20 is read. Incase there are no chickens in a certain society other birds can be used as substitutes. Some communities have even used fish to act as substitutes (Truth for Saints, 2010).

The kaparot custom started during the Gaonic period. In more complex terms, it is referred to as the Rosh Hashanah  Yom Kippur. It is included in the Jewish law, which even shows those rabbis (teachers of the law) who supported it and those who did not (Chabad, 2010).The kaparot ritual assumes that the sins of the person are transferred to the chickens which are being sacrificed. Therefore, the chickens die for the sins of the people. In this way, the person becomes fully cleansed (Rozovsky, 2010).

In most cases, it is performed after the morning before the Yom Kippur ceremony. Ordinarily, white roosters or hens are used for the ceremony. A prayer is recited when swinging the chickens, which states, This is my exchange, this is my substitute, and this is my atonement. This chicken will go to its death while I will enter and proceed to a good long life and peace (Katz, 2010). The Orthodox Jews are the ones who use chickens for their ceremony. Contemporary Jews have started using cash instead of the money. They wave the money which is usually wrapped in a white napkin, as they recite the words in their prayer. This is however not encouraged, as it is not an original custom (Katz, 2010).

In 2005, over two hundred caged chickens were left in the rain as a part of the kaparot ritual in Brooklyn. As a result, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals came to the rescue of these chickens. So serious was the incident that an Orthodox Jew was charged with high level of cruelty to animals, and the death of thirty five of the chicken. In response to this incident and others, organizations which fight for the rights of animals have started to observe kaparot publicly (Truth for Saints, 2010).

For example, in Jerusalem, members of an organization known as Let the Animals Live (LAL) tried to convince a Jewish leader called Rabbi Ovadia Yosef to call off the practice of the Judaism followers, the kaparot. Instead, he was advised to order the followers to give all the chickens to the poor without subjecting them to torture. However, these talks did not bear fruits. According to Rabbi Joseph, his concern was whether all protocol was observed during the ceremony, and not on the dangers that the chickens were exposed to. He explained that he had no right or authority of stopping such kind of an activity because it has been there since time immemorial (Sela, 2007).

In another instance, the practice of sacrificing chickens was discouraged by the Ethical Treatment of Animals. The organization tried to distribute dollar bills which had the shape of chicken. This also did not stop the Jews from sacrificing chicken in their kaparot sacrifice (Nussbaum, 2009).

My preconceived notions were indeed changed
Previously, I had a low perception of the religious traditions that have complex rituals. I often associated them with cults which were only present so as to pass time, and misguide the people. When my friend told me to attend the ceremony, I was almost declining. However, I did not want to hurt his feelings, bearing in mind that we studied the same course at school. According to me, the sins of mankind were forgiven when Jehovah, the God of the Christians sent his only beloved son, Jesus. From the point Jesus was crucified, I no longer needed to offer any kind of sacrifice. There was a contrast between the Jewish and my Christian religion.

The person I was when I entered the venue of the ceremony was completely different. The kaparot process made me realize that all people have what they value most. When I saw my friend swing his white rooster, I started believing that their sins were indeed forgiven. Young children were not left behind. Even though some of them cried, their parents still insisted on swinging the chickens round their heads on their behalf so that they could grow up as cleansed. My friend had brought one rooster for me, and I had to do the same so as not to be out of place. The commitment and the prayers of the people, and the spiritual connection that they had on the kaparot made all my previous notions to change. I even spotted one of my college tutors I loved most, deeply engrossed in her prayers. I was now more that convinced that it was not a cult, but a way of expression by the Jewish religious followers.

The followers in that ceremony were very serious, and some of them even shed tears. This was a sign of respect to their G_d (The letter o is omitted as a sign of respect for the Jews). According to Shaw, (1787), Judaism practices are very vital to them. The worship they give to their deities should be acceptable to them. It involves a lot of emotions and sentiments, as it is being offered to a very pure spirit. There has to be a great level of devotion from the people who are offering the sacrifice of worship.

I felt at home
The first thing which made feel at home was the fact that I was allowed to perform the kaparot even if I was not a Jew. That marveled me very much, bearing in mind that I was from a completely different religion. My friend even offered to give me a rooster for free. One lady welcomed me before the ceremony started and shared the impact it had on her and her family. The warmth I received made me think twice of the religion I was practicing previously. Though my religion also had very hospitable people, they were very few ceremonies like these which connected people together. I always supported anyone who gave to the poor in the society. I was moved by the fact that these chicken were given to the poor so that they could feed on them. To me, it was a double blessing, connecting to their God in spiritual terms while at the same time giving to the underprivileged in the society. I became confident that this was the religion I wanted to practice for the rest of my life. I felt a sense of spiritual fulfillment through the prayers we made.

A great impact
It is impossible for any human being to understand why some religious perform various practices until they realize the meaning. I realized that the kaparot was as important as any other religious practice in the world. This experience made me accept not only the Jewish religion, but also the other diverse religions of the world. According to Steinberg  Potter, (2007), it is very hard to understand why the Jews practice some rituals, like the kaparot, which involves meditation and contemplation. These practices are very important because they provide a sense of belonging to the person who is practicing them. Additionally, the people are able to accept communal life, which is a virtue. This is because love is created whenever the people come together in worship. According to the Jews, when one embraces all the holidays and seasons cycles, he or she is in line with the Spirit.

Additionally, I have learnt to appreciate the culture of various people in the world. This is because it brings a mutual understanding among the people. If the people could realize how religion is important to any group, then there would be no fights like the ones which are present in the world today. Religion is an aspect of culture therefore, all people should view the religion of others as equal to their own. According to Andrew, (2008), all people should be respectful and careful when they discuss the world religious faiths. They should not at any one time misinterpret the doctrines of a particular religion. All people of the various religions in the world were created by a supreme being so that they could live in harmony. They should therefore respect each other regardless of their different ways of worship.

As a result of my experience, I felt spiritually joined to the Jewish religion as I found it spiritually fulfilling. Together with my friend, we started a group which is meant to advocate for the freedom of expression for all religions in the U.S. This became our avenue of expressing the rights of all religions. According to our group, all religious practices should be practiced as long as they do not cause harm to the human being. Since the kaparot is all about sacrifice and giving, my desire for supporting charity grew even the more. I realized that I should not only give what I do not use, but I should give the best. Giving out the chicken is a very worthy thing to do because they are important sacrificial items. The same way, I should give the best to the poor so that I can receive blessings from G-d.

Conclusion
I owe the change that occurred to me to the Jewish religious system, which gave me a meaning of religion. Religion should not be viewed as an organization, but should be seen as an avenue where the people appreciate each other. Learning on all the aspects of culture helps a person to embrace a group, and ultimately make the world a better place to live in.

The study of the similarities and differences between the two hemispheres of the brain has been an issue of scientific concern for a long time. Many scientists hold the belief that there exist both structural and psychological similarities and differences between the two hemispheres.  HYPERLINK httpthevarsity.casearchqEreneStergiopoulospage1 Erene Stergiopoulos in his article entitled Explain My Brain Right Brain, Left Brain believes that when it comes to the functions of the brain, each side really matters. It is due to the belief that the right and left sides of the brain are dedicated to different functions that scientific studies aimed at better understanding of the same have sprung up. A general conception of the situation indicates that the right brain is the artistic side while the left is the logical side. However, a deeper analysis of the concept reveals a more complex situation. The aim of this paper is to analyze the functional differences between the right and the left hemispheres of the brain (Stergiopoulos, Par. 1-3)

The inquiry into the differences and similarities of the right and left hemispheres started as early as the 19th century. A French physician by the name Paul Bruca who practiced in the mid 1800s observed that one of his patients had suffered from severe speech problems for 30 years. This made him unable to speak despite the fact that he could understand words spoken to him. On close inspection, the physician realized that part of the patients left hemisphere had been damaged by a syphilis induced lesion. This was one of the pioneer reasons as to why language function was linked to the left side of the brain. Canadian neuroscientist Wilder Penfield discovered that electrical stimulation of the brain areas responsible for movement in one side of the brain caused the muscles on the other side of the body to contract. These researches however did not explain how the two sides of the brain worked independently (Stergiopoulos Par 4-6)

Split brain research in the 1960s opened more doors into the understanding of how the two hemispheres of the brain work. These researches focus on individuals whose corpus callosum, a bundle of neural fibers that connects the right to the left hemispheres of the brain, has been removed. In such individuals, no communication takes place between the two hemispheres. Experiments done on these individuals have helped the scientists to better understand the functions of the two divisions of the human brain (Stergiopoulos, Par. 7).

Sperruired and Gazzinigas study required split-brain patients to watch a screen where words and pictures appeared briefly in their right or left visual fields. Each eye communicates information to the other side of the brain. This means that if the right eye perceives information, this information will be interpreted in the left side of the brain and vice versa. According to the experiment, patients had no problem interpreting visual aids presented on the right. This is because the visual information was relayed to the left hemisphere this is the hemisphere concerned with language. However, patients had problems naming or even identifying the same stimuli when it was presented on the left side. The reason to this observation was the fact that information went to the right hemisphere, and since there was no communication between the two hemispheres, it could not be transferred to the right hemisphere for interpretation in terms of language (Stergiopoulos Par 8).

The brain may be divided into two hemispheres, but it ideally functions as one unit. There is high cooperation and communication between the two hemispheres such that the functional differences in the two sides are negligible. The human brain is a cooperative composed of thousands of individual reactive decision mechanisms, each with its own memory, interconnected with all others. The decision of these mechanisms is so fast and in harmony that we perceive the entire system as being the thought of one mechanism which in effect, the whole system becomes (One life, Par. 4).
The two hemispheres are also perceived to work as one unit due to the coordination and efficient communication between them. None of the hemispheres can work alone without involving the other. Between these two halves, a massive communication link lies. This is known as the corpus callosum, and connects the two hemispheres, hence allowing information to pass through. Under normal conditions, anything known by one side is known by the other immediately. The human selves are therefore made up of two thinking mechanisms that are so totally interconnected that it appears to be one, and indeed functions as one (One life, Par. 6).

Generally, the left and right hemispheres of the brain processes information in different ways. It is however evident that learning and thinking processes are enhanced when the two sides participate in a balanced manner. Discussed below are the functional differences that are evident in the two hemispheres.

First, it is important to note that the left side of the brain processes information in a linear manner. This part arranges information from part to whole. It brings pieces of information together and arranges them logically and finally draws conclusions. This is not the case with the right brain. It processes the information from whole to parts. This part of the brain sees the whole picture first and then proceeds to the details. The right side begins with the answer, not the question (Frank, Par. 2). For those who are right brained, it becomes hard to follow a presentation without being given the whole picture first. It is therefore recommended for a right brained person to read the background of a chapter before embarking on the actual reading. One may also need to ask a lecturer what the next lecture will be all about and how to prepare for it so that one can understand better during the actual presentation. Right brained people also have problems outlining. If it is required, most write the paper first and then make an outline later. These are students who always seek to know why they are doing something (Frank, Par. 2).

The left brain processes information in sequence. The left brained individuals are list makers and enjoy making master schedules and daily planning. Such people complete events in order and enjoy looking the up once they are done. Learning things that are arranged in a sequence appears easy for the left brained. However, things are different for the right brained. These individuals are random and may flit from one track to another. One may do so much but leave out the priorities. He or she may submit a late or incomplete report not because he or she is lazy, but because one spent time on other things of less importance. It is advised that such people should use the spell checker on the computer since their chances of making spelling mistakes are higher. One should also proofread any assignments before presenting them to avoid minor errors. This side of the brain is color sensitive and hence one may take that advantage and use color to learn sequence. (Frank Par 3)

Another major difference between the two hemispheres from the functional point of view is the aspect of symbolic and concrete processing. The left brain can process symbols without a problem. To someone who is left brained, mathematical and linguistic notations are easy to comprehend. These individuals will just memorize vocabulary words and mathematical formulas. But to the right brained, this is a major problem. The right brained want things that are presented to them to be concrete. They find it hard to comprehend and interpret symbols. They prefer to see words in use in order to understand them, and interact with formulas at work. For these people, it is advisable to use something concrete while solving problems. For example, one may need to draw out a mathematical problem before solving it (Frank, Par. 4).

According to Frank (Par. 6), there is a difference in verbal representation between the left brained and right brained individuals. For the left brained, expressing themselves verbally is not a problem. However, this is not the case with the right brained. The right brained may know what they want but encounter difficulties finding the right words to use. The right brained will most of the times use non verbal aids such as gestures to make themselves understood.

Frank suggests that the left side of the brain deals with things the way they are. It therefore operates from the reality point of view. Left brained people find it easy to adjust to their environment. However, this is not the case with right brained individuals. Instead of adjusting to the environment, they try to change it to fit in their schedule. For the left brained, rules are there to be followed, and if there are no rules, they will make and follow them, since to them it is easier that way. They know the consequences of delaying a report or submitting an incomplete one. For the right brained person however, there may be nothing wrong with it. It is therefore important for these people to constantly ask for feedback and reality checks. Keep careful records of the things they are supposed to do, and do the assignments in time. One may also need to visit his or her superior regularly for updates on how one is progressing. It is however important to note that the right brained individuals are very creative.

Conclusion
These are some of the functional differences and similarities between the two hemispheres. Doreen Kimura, a professor of psychology, appreciates the fact that people differ in the way they behave and do things. This topic on functional differences has not been exhaustively covered and more research is going on. However, as Chudler in Neuroscience for Kids suggests, it is important for one to appreciate the dominant part of the brain and strengthen the weak one. It is important for all to appreciate their fellow human beings regardless of the hemisphere which is dominant in them. This will make all of them to be better individuals who are ready face all challenges that life brings.

The objective of this project is to develop an Instructional Module to teach and assess interviewing skills for counselors. The psychological background of counselors and their necessary skills for approaching the clients in the most effective way is being analyzed and identified through this project. Learner populations targeted are counselors who are intended to mingle with clients of adult groups and at times with youngsters as well. Various teaching and assessment strategies suitable for this context are dug out from the vast field of psychology and counseling. The learning, motivation, and cognitive principles selected are then crucially analyzed to state their relevance and significance related to the situation. The completion of the project facilitated a realistic exposure for demonstrating acquired abilities to relate theoretical and research knowledge to professional exercise. The skill to do so allowed to get informed by the academic and professional literature regarding the attempts to solve challenges found in the actual professional practice.

Background
The requirement of an academic project on training and evaluating counselors on their abilities of interviewing clients from different backgrounds, lead to the development of this paper. The different theories on counseling, techniques and tips accompanied by analyzing necessary skills and knowledge are critically examined and selected for the module developmental procedure adopted.

The course of action recognized in this traverses through different possible advantages and flaws in psychological context. Established facts and ideas are absorbed to a satisfactory level from successful and scientific domain. Counseling is a process in which the counselor, or therapist, helps you understand the causes for your problems and guides you through the process of learning to make good life decisions. (Definition of counseling how is counseling used 2010). The procedure adopted by a counselor can be felt as something indifferent initially while later stages turn out to be smooth and approachable. These procedures are much affected by the ability of a counselor to handle each individual by observation of the situation. Hence, counselor should acquire certain capabilities helping in any adverse situations to remove expected redundancies of diversities in the conditions of the clients.

What Is Expected From A Counselor
The anticipated values from a counselor are determined by the method of training to be undergone. The most important requirement for a councilor is a pleasing personality. Counselors should definitely be able to conquer the clients friendliness through his appreciable manners and dealings. The other requisites include skills to
Listen
Not judge
Pay attention
Accept the clients feelings
Understand the clients world and feelings, put yourself in the clients shoes. Express that understanding.
Think about the client (Heap, 2004).

The module developed should definitely be focused on perspectives to enhance the above stated talents with much observance to remove disagreeing, warning, mocking, throbbing or solving mentalities while in process. Always better approaches to initiate and contemplate on various queries and reasoning based on summarizing are to be grown within a counselor to dwell in any situations of his work. Based on these the module of teaching is developed and tested for giving scores based on the requirements met by the implementation of the selected module. Different theories are indicated clearly to state explicitly regarding the path that lead to the selection of each step and method in the module. Observation and analytical approach is utilized for the expansion activity.

Module for Teaching and Assessing Interviewing Skills for Counselors
The module has utilized Multi method training approach which s identified as an efficient training procedure when concerned to counseling. Psychology is an area that cannot be identified and assessed in a complete manner with a single or two approach methods. The selection was made by evaluating the benefits that outfits flaws of the system. The adoption of multi method training will eliminate the casing of redundancies of any particular method getting developed around the module. The selected approach provides with vast areas of possibilities.

Teaching Interviewing Skills for Counselors
The interviewing skills can never be at its efficiency by just reading many books or research articles. Many ideas can be acquired from those, but practical exercises leads to a proven and successful result. Levels of interviewing skills are seen as basic and beyond. The basic interviewing talents include empathic listening and effective questioning while the other section includes assessment and conceptualization abilities. Assessment consists of gathering information about the key symptoms of a clients presenting problems conceptualization involves integrating the information to develop hypotheses about the nature and etiology of the clients problem. (Balleweg, 2010). The teaching module will have 30 theory classes on various necessities providing them with ideas on what is required and established theories and 70 practical classes helping them to put the theories absorbed in practice.

Initially, the learners are divided into different groups within which they remain for their entire module completion. The study materials of the module are supplied to each group. The histories and stories on successful utilization of various theories will be included among those. The syllabus will not focus on any particular matter, instead a network touching all possible fields of counseling issues. The syllabus has a single dimensional approach to these areas .But readers will have to think about these in depth for applying these in their practical classes.

Counseling and related theories
This part of the module teaches about varied concepts of counseling with distinguished definitions from distinct personalities. Counseling is something that is not concentrated or bounded by a specific set of procedures but is having certain methods. The appropriate application of acquired methodologies is what is referred to as successful counseling. Counseling deals with human psychology which itself has no specific form or image. Vague and undefined topic of psychology can be dealt with counseling having its adaptable nature. It can intact to cope up with any faced scenario but it is a fact that many theories on counseling has been proposed. The commonly stated theories on counseling are Client Centered (Carl Rogers), Holistic Health (Biopsychosocial), Strengths Based (Positive Thinking  Learned Optimism), Cognitive Behavioral (ABC Model), Solution Focused (Where do I really want to be) and Existential (Why am I here). (Step two  Common counseling theories, 2008).

Client Centered (Carl Rogers) Counseling
Client Centered Counseling is a legitimate approach with essential distinctiveness like dynamic snooping, compassion, understanding, approval without any conditions and authenticity. This method is utilized to give provisions for the client to expand within and according to his wish and necessity. A counselor has therole of helper who understands a matter without any specifications.

Holistic Health (Biopsychosocial) Counseling
Holistic Counseling emphasizes on the overall betterment of a person rather than concentrating on something what one wishes for. It involves the integration of matters related to corporeal, rational, communal, poignant, occupational and religious perspectives. The absence of any one among the above stated fields in a human life can create absurd situations putting pressure on him. The capability to endure such state of affairs in ones life is the matter of discussion in Holistic Health counseling.

Strengths Based Counseling
The approach utilized in Strengths Based Counseling is different from the procedures mentioned in above methods. It concentrates on utilizing all possible strengths in ones life for the enhancement of existing and upcoming life of the client. Both the counselor as well as client indulges in evaluating clients positive values to tally up all possible developments by neglecting the flaws from his part. Actually, this approach tries to motivate and inspire a client rather than digging up his entire characteristics to be corrected. The procedure opens up a better domain of encouraging strategies for what can be done instead of what not to be done.

Positive Thinking  Learned Optimism
Positive Thinking  Learned Optimism is strength based counseling procedure in which optimistic values are evaluated and analyzed for exploitation in future leaving behind the entire thoughts regarding a failure or flaw. The method finds its success from the psychological background that human believing in triumph will in fact succeed. The fear for any redundancy can influence the most confidential activities as described by human psychology which is considered well in performing this method of counseling.

Cognitive Behavioral (ABC Model) Counseling
The method utilized in this procedure is related to the interpretation skills of the client followed by his response to any situation he encounters. Situations are given for the client to analyze and evaluate his cognitive skills. The actual event and the one proposed by client are compared. A simple approach of the client is examined to understand about the possible response from his part leading to a conclusion on the behavioral aspects of the client. Exact procedure usually has three phases in it which involves exposure, approach and results respectively. This can effectively help in many perspectives to identify positive, negative and neutral values of a client.

Solution Focused Counseling (Where do I really want to be)
Counseling done to make the client successful in his area of specialization is termed as Solution Based Counseling. At times he is caught in some situations and approaches a counselor past is kept away with the present and upcoming aspects are kept intact. Counselor seeks out the exact need of client which was obstructed leading him to get counseled. These procedures are adopted to make him accomplish the necessity somehow, independent from the past. The client is asked to speak of the future expectation when the existiong problems are away. These are the goals set to meet through solution focused counseling leading to that position in which client is interested.

Existential Counseling (Why am I here)
The knowledge and idea behind ones existence is the basis of all accomplishments, as per human psychology. The recognition of identity can only help to trigger up success in any field of life. If one knows about what he is and for what purpose is he meant, definitely he will be able to approach with appropriate answer for how. Existential counseling helps a client to understand oneself completely. The ability to locate and state different characteristics of the client helping him out to unveil his personality and create better situations for developing enhanced outward relationships.

Deviation from Normal or Abnormal
When concerned with the studies on counseling the term abnormalities comes into picture. When considered in a verbose approach abnormality is something that is a deviation from the normal condition. The scientific definition given here is covering extremities in humans characteristics plotted as statistical deviation.

(What is abnormal 1999).
People away from the average level of distribution, considered abnormal. In fact an extraordinarily talented person or a genius is counted among abnormal categories itself. The drawback identified for this approach is regarding the nonexemption of exceptionally talented people or non Inclusion of certain usually seen abnormalities of alcoholism, tobacco consumption etc. Anguish creates abnormalities which are often classified under two titles namely

Maladaptive to ones self
Maladaptive to society. (What is abnormal 1999).
The first type of abnormality is connected to ones capacity to get acclimatized to various requirements and variations of life. This has to do only with the personal affairs while the later is linked directly to societal life of an individual. It is an impediment to the communal well being and upsets the social relationships. This will sequentially lead to a personal maladaptive situation as well.
A counselor should definitely be able to identify any minute abnormality in the client as this can affect the counseling procedure as a whole. To counsel a genius or idiot or someone with extra ordinary rough or wild or violent characteristics is in fact a deviation from normal procedures. Though abnormalities are not always recognized as psychological ailments, often they will lead to such absurdness. Counselor can locate the reasons and duration of abnormalities with which the presence of ailments can easily be spotted out. Abnormalities considered as psychological disorder are long periods of discomfort, impaired functioning, bizarre behavior, and disruptive behavior. (What is abnormal 1999). They can create problems to the society as well at many instances definitely disrupts family and other external relationships.

Long Periods of Discomfort
No human is away from psychological distress in one form or the other. Anxiety can never be detached from any life. But prolonged prevalence of discomfort in ones life is an ailment and requires proper medical and counsel attention.

Impaired Functioning
Same as the case of long periods of discomfort, impaired functioning is identified when a person fails in some matter consecutively. A genius failing to perform a simple thing can be avoided once or twice or thrice but if it continued for a long duration it is an ailment necessitating treatment.

Bizarre Behavior
Behavioral aspects are topics that always matter others as well. Bizarre is something linked with strange or inhuman traits of manners. At times consumption of drugs can lead to such a situation. Phantasms and apparitions are usual characteristics of such persons. They perceive unjustifiable imaginations and trust the existence of such false infatuations.

Disruptive behavior
Disruptive Behavior holds in its hands, the life of others. The people with this disorder regularly tries to disturb and interrupt others rights and divesting them off a peaceful life. This is of course to be considered as a major problem and has to be treated immediately without any delay.

Amalgamated Issues
Case studies will provide learners with sufficient exposure to real life issues. The best ways to develop an enhanced example is to amalgamate different cases into a single complicated problem eventually resulting in a better revelation to facts. Earlier studies can be concentrated on simple cases and with advancement of time and studies complications has to be increased to create best results in students. The tutor should collect and unite different situations enabling varied exhibits of psychological aspects to create more chances of analysis and interpretations. Portrayals of serious depression are particularly useful for this exercise because depression frequently includes clear behavioral, somatic, cognitive and affective symptoms. (Ware  Johnson, 2000). The efficient mix and approach to various cases will definitely credit the knowledge and skills of learners for conducting counseling in a superior path. Theoretical studies are very much essential as when exposed to real life scenario, they can relate with these to take up appropriate measures. More complex the case studies are, higher is the benefits of interpretations and analysis.

Micro counseling Approach
Micro counseling is a procedure linked with the discovery of George Kelly on psychological perspectives. According to his views, counseling is based on five basic steps. The five step model is as stated below
What is the clients problem
What are the clients constructs for viewing the world
What is the clients situational and environmental context
What are the therapists basic theories and constructs
What is to be done (Larson, 1984).

This facilitates a wide supported option in counseling to determine any treatment required for the client or something related to it. But there are many criticisms on Kellys five step model claiming both constructive as well as disruptive features of the approach. The major debate against micro training procedure is regarding its generalized approach. There should be a method which should help in extensive application level teaching approach. Multi method training approach is identified as a successful concern. Exactly this is the method we adopted in the module.

Counseling techniques
There are a few factors to be observed by counselors when starting, dealing and ending a counseling sitting.

Develop a constructive, encouraging and affable notion which will help in reducing the stress and vagueness in all sessions.

Set up affinity throughout the first meeting with appreciable exhibits of compassion and assurance.
Communication should be in a method which will reduce the redundancies of speech and listening with ample creation of positive attitudes by avoiding impatience, roughness and sturdy approach.
Listening should be active enough by responding to the talking of the client through conceding, corroborating and expounding activities by counselors.

The utility of previous information and visible demonstrations can be exploited to get better out of the client.

Questions put forward for the client should be away from close ended structuring and inevitably should suit for the situation and mentality of the client.

The relation built must essentially give clients to ask and clarify their doubts and queries.
When a chance to inspire, edify and convey ideas approaches a counselor, he should never spare it as that particular instance can change the situation a lot.

The observance of above techniques with essential knowledge and trick to handle different conditions will help any counselor to win in his field.

Types of Counseling
Counseling is essentially having an important position in this age of pace, race and distress. No field is devoid of tension and discomfort and so counseling comes into picture. Modern counselling and psychotherapy provide clients with a wide range of options for addressing many different kinds of psychological distress. (Mulhauser, 2010). When we come across any firm or organization, separate wing of counsellors can be seen. Due to these requirements of counselling, modern counselling are being classified into three categories based on the approach, utility and guidance. They are
Individual work

Group work
Self  help groups. (Types of counseling, n.d.)
Individual work comprises of a single counselor with a single client or two people counseling a group of members like a family. Group work consists of a single counsel guiding a group of people. In the last category, no trained counselor will be there. Instead the members within the group observe, guide and help mutually. The types of counseling have not much to do with a particular concern. They are selcyed appropriately by the required people.

Beyond Theoretical Sessions
The above theoretical classes are put forward to get scientifically proved ideas on counseling and different concepts and approaches available. Following these skills acquisitions, each group is to be entered to practical proceedings like live exposure and visual aids adoption. Mock interviews of counseling are to be conducted for different situational set ups by proper intervention and supervising of the tutors. Practical sessions should be made interactive and interested with required introduction of multi method teaching techniques. In order to achieve maximum level of enhancements in skills and techniques of counseling, different sources of information like audio, video, internet and other learning tools are to be employed.

Assessing Interviewing Skills for Counselors
The teaching becomes successful only if the outcome meets the requirement. Here, the learners have to be in a position to meet the skill and talent requirements of counseling. The evaluation of the acquired skills is to be accomplished through five different levels. The five hierarchies of assessment are explained as follows

First Level  Written Test (Individual)
This level of examination consists of a written test of subjective and objective type. The objective type questions are given with a stipulated time giving very short instance to answer each question. Then it starts the subjective one. Various cases are given to solve with time to think, interpret and conclude. The situation and characters should be placed in a position to imagine the scenario and solve. The scores given will be according to the practicability, genuineness, authenticity and uniqueness of the solution. The better understanding of scenario, application of learned theories along with integration of self acquired ideas will gain enhanced scoring. The entire presentation in systematic approach will attract additional points. Grade given will depend on the time aspect of objective test as well. The evaluation made will not be based on a single assessor instead tutor as well as other groups will be entitled to score every learner. This will give two ways utility as valuation made by many stands unique always and getting a chance o score another paper can help one to compare and contrast theirs with another. The scoring will be tabulated to individual and group scoring.

Second Level  Group Discussion
Second level involves group discussion forum. Cases given in the level one will be discussed among the group members to gather ideas form varied ranges and accumulate to dig out the best set of procedures. Tutor will observe every group to detect whether any one staying back from the discussions. The scoring will be started from the beginning of the discussions within the groups itself by seeing to the involvement and concentration of each members of a group. The deduced ideas are then presented by each group in front of other groups and the tutor. Tutor as well as other groups will remark and scoring will be given accordingly. Also the answering to the queries and substance in each sentence will be evaluated. Speaking too much with lower potential of points will give minus scoring as well. There is provision for counter scoring as well. The queries asked turning out to be genuine and important will give points to individual as well as group grade.

Third Level  Group Case Development
This phase requires development and solving of cases of counseling procedures within the groups. Similar to group discussion level, the valuation will be from the start of the discussion itself considering the involvement of each member in the task. The developed cases will be analyzed by breaking the scores into various values including topic selected, approach, involvement of scientific aspects in psychology, implementation steps, number of research techniques utilized and problem solving approach. Again presentation is necessary for which scoring mode will be as same as the group discussion presentations.

Fourth Level  Individual Case Development
After the completion of level three, each individual will be in a position to develop and analyze cases and deduce the required solutions as well. The imaginative, creative and logical approach with sturdy base of intellect and cognitive skills will be unveiled at this stage of assessment. The scoring essentially covers the overall developmental, analytical and scientific backgrounds of the presentation. The grade achieved will definitely represent the actual capability of the individual in counseling.

Fifth Level  Mock Counseling Interviews
The last and final level of assessment on the interviewing skills of counselors is mock counseling interviews. Each learner is exposed to real mode counseling sessions. They are given clients to conduct a three or four level sessions to recognize and conclude on the topic of concern. There can be heavily downtrodden cases or simple ones but the identification and evaluation procedures and conclusions will add to the scoring. The interviews will be taped to assess on the communication advantages, tone appropriateness, approach adopted and entire speech. Vague and lengthy sentences will create bad remarks while criticizing, impatient and discouraging converses will produce negative markings. The actual problem determination will give a pass in the test with other supporting factors of evaluation creates an enhanced grade position.

Critiques on the Module
The module developed is based on Multi method training approach. The appropriateness is seen from the entire module description. Though the utility and suitability of the module was explained along with each step, the overall evaluation is essential at this instance of project conclusion. Disadvantages posed by one method over another are being eliminated by integrating multiple path of approach. Rather than relying on a single method of approach, the selected path helps in utilizing all possibilities of scientific backgrounds of psychology in developing the teaching and assessing module of interviewing for counselors. The advantage is that it is so simple in set up and will never pose any redundancy while execution. The simplicity in the syllabus giving more importance on practicality put forward an advanced approach to training procedures. Amalgamation of cases performed by tutors may create a slight inefficiency if they are not much dedicated to it. The absorption of various cases by different individual can be different, so group involvements will create increased advantages. Something unaware can be filled up when in groups. Same come true with the assessment sessions as well. All five levels are to be passed for achieving a better graded counselor position after the training. But scoring can create a tedious job to complete which is a flaw as such. Scoring obtained by an individual covers all the possible values of a counselor. Thus providing better utilization of multi method training approach is made through the development of module.

Conclusion
The project to develop a teaching and assessing module of interviewing for counselors has been completed in full. The requirements of a counselor on the basis of various scientific and research outcomes are being met through this module developed. The areas covered in the syllabus are being explained through paper along with the executing procedure analysis. The entire methods adopted through the observation of multi method training approach turns out to be efficient and beneficial through the critical evaluation conducted after the improvement module. The problems possible in amalgamation of issues and scoring gets covered up by the range of advantages of the developed project. If the tutor is dedicated to his job, essentially the first redundancy can be eliminated. Second one regarding the tedious procedure of scoring can be avoided by rubric utilization. With the vast availability of ideas, approaches, procedures, techniques and skills accompanied by real time exposure to various cases will definitely build up an efficient and successful counselor on demand.

The paper talks about the Hispanic people in the United States and their culture. The paper begins with a description of the significance of the research and other related matters, followed by the short definition of culture, leading to the discussion of the Hispanic culture and its people which is the main content of the paper. The discussion moves about in different areas exploring the reason why Hispanic immigrants go to the US the possible roots of discrimination the problems of oppression and discrimination how the Hispanic people and their culture contributed to the society the advantages and disadvantages of the entry of the Hispanic immigrants to the US and the theories of identity formation issues and challenges. The paper also explores the aspect of American culture influencing Hispanic culture in the present day, while at the same time, discussing as well the barriers that keep Hispanics from enjoying the full services of the government.

I. Introduction
One of the important minority ethnic groups in the United States is the Hispanic Americans, or simply the Hispanics, currently the second largest in US (Merrell, 1999, p. 401). Besides African Americans, the Hispanic community in the United States has been a significant part of the minority in the US, not just because of the color they add to US culture but also because of the contribution they make towards the holistic improvement of the US. The ability to understand the Hispanics is important for any individual to appreciate who they are. The focus of this paper is on discussing some of the key components of the Hispanic culture, people and life.

II. Discussion
A. Significance of research
Hispanic culture is strongly felt in the United States. The ancestry of the Hispanics dates back to the European immigration wherein Hispanic immigrants came to work and settle in the US. After the great European immigration, the largest group of immigrants is represented by the Hispanics (Rallu, Blum, 1993, p. 271). The US has had a long history of Hispanic immigrants moving to the US. For its part, the US has been rewarded by the positive contributions of the Hispanic people and their culture. The significance of this research is the creation of an awareness regarding some of the important aspects of Hispanic life and culture so that there is a better understanding, and appreciation, for this group of people.

Through this research and through this course which featured intense research work regarding and about Hispanic people and their culture, information regarding the Hispanic people and their culture are uncovered. More importantly, significant issues that they face are tackled and analyzed which are all important conduits of information that translates to appreciation and understanding for this particular group. There are many challenges that this research presents, like approaching the analysis without bias or prejudice, the challenge of being introduced to a new culture and set of people and the prospect of being indoctrinated in their own way of life which can go against ones personal beliefs. In the end, these challenges can be successfully hurdled by approaching the task without any preconceived notions or perceptions on issues and aspects of the Hispanic people and their way of life and culture. This can result to the opening of new opportunities in the future like a more focused study on the aspect of Hispanic culture and people.

This research is but one part of the effort to seek out additional cultural diversity knowledge, exposure, and training. There are also other ways like personal interaction, observation, visitation of important locations and landmarks, interview with professionals specializing in Hispanic culture, people and history etc. The knowledge that can be derived not just on the research but also on the effort to know a new culture and group of people can be used in the professional setting. This can be done by using it as a means to understand people and the challenges they are facing and the role of culture in their outlook, perspective and behavior so that better interaction with these people and better understanding of their culture can be realized. In the end, it is necessary to possess key personal competencies needed in interacting with selected population, like being open minded, being attentive to detail, possessing sharp memory and a healthy level of being critical can ensure that the interaction with the selected population is productive and successful.

B. Culture
What is culture Basically, it refers to the characteristics of the way of life of the group of people. Culture is about the features of the way of life of a community, which is socially shared with one another and possesses a meaning and significance to the people. Culture is visible and unseen, tangible  like the things they use necessary for their satisfaction and survival (Ayisi, 1992, p. 1) - and abstract concepts about the different aspects of life involving religion, art, language, politics, etc. Culture is the heart and soul of the group of people, something that defines a group of people. It is who people are. It is transferable, as it is capable of shaping and being re-shaped from time to time. It can be introduced to another culture. Without the people to practice it and document it, culture will eventually die a natural death. The history of the world has featured many groups of people and many different cultures. Many of these cultures are transferred in a place that is not the origin of that culture and yet managed to survive somehow. An example of this is the Hispanic culture in the United States.

C. The Hispanics in America
Many individuals with Hispanic decent and ancestry comprise what is now known as Hispanics in the United States. This group of people, considered as part of the minority, has been in the country for centuries and has been rapidly growing in population in the US (Chambers, 2006, p. 355). Their entry began with the European exploration that sent many Europeans  including Hispanic  in the United States. Over the years, the way of life and the overall characteristics of the Hispanic in the US (their demographics, socio-cultural characteristics, socio-political importance and role, etc) have changed from one form to another. The only constant thing is that the continued presence of Hispanics in the US has influenced the way American culture is shaped.

i. Why do they leave their country to come here - There are many reasons why the Hispanics left their home country and chose to settle in the United States. Before the era of the US role as the land of opportunity, the US was simply a place where Europeans can go to so that they can start a new life. Some members of the expedition came in the country as part of their responsibility. Others used the European expedition to escape Europe and find a new place where they can settle. After that, Hispanic people came to the US because of job opportunities and the chance to improve ones life financially and economically, especially with the boom in local economy. Today, the US has been a target for many immigrants. They believe that the US can give them a fresh new start. Generally, the Hispanic people who came to US were escaping something in their homeland (Nevaer, 2004, p. 106). It could be political persecution, poverty, etc. They came to the US to start a new life.

ii. The historical and contemporary antecedents of societal discrimination for this population  The Hispanic people comprising the Hispanic ethnic minority has always suffered discrimination. The discrimination is rooted in historical and contemporary antecedents. There was discrimination against them. They speak differently and their inability to speak English limits what they can enjoy and benefit from. Today, many Hispanics are literate in English. Another source of discrimination is the fact that they are a minority. Like any other minorities, they are subjected to many unfair treatments from different social interactions like business, economics, employment opportunities, etc. Another source of discrimination against the Hispanics is rooted in the role of Spain in different armed struggle versus the US, like the Spanish American War. The Hispanics are discriminated against as a result of the popular stereotypes that have tarnished the Hispanic community for years.

iii. Potential problems that result from discrimination and oppression  If there are noticeable problems resulting from discrimination and oppression targeted at the Hispanics, it would come in the form Hispanics rallying and protesting, and the participation of selected Hispanic individuals in violent actions directed against the US and the government. Because of the oppression and discrimination versus the Hispanics, this group of people is not utilized for its true strength and ability as part of the workforce, especially when they are discriminated against when it comes to employment. Social services are also denied the Hispanics impacted by discrimination and oppression.

iv. Their contributions to society  People should think twice about oppressing and discriminating against the Hispanics considering the extent of the contributions the Hispanic and their culture has contributed to the society. Hispanics figure are prominent in many different aspects of US society and culture. Many significant individuals with Hispanic descent have been important in the many different aspects of US society and culture. Besides giving the US society individuals who contributed significantly to the US society and culture, Hispanic culture has made considerable contributions to the US culture and society for which they should be commended for and appreciated.  
v. Advantages and disadvantages  The entry of Hispanic immigrants in the United States is both a positive and negative experience. It resulted to something good, while at the same time, also the root and cause of several problems and issues in the US. One of the advantages brought to the United States by the entry of Hispanic immigrants to the US is the role played by the Hispanics in bolstering the workforce inside the country that allowed many different tasks to be accomplished. Some worked in the farm, although Hispanics have not strictly been limited to farm workers (Kanellos, Fabregat, 1994, p. 15). Others worked for the development of industrial and urbanized areas during the development stage of the US until today, considering many Hispanics possess the talent and skill that they use today working for the US. This working-class background and identity account for many of the major contributions of Hispanics throughout US society (Cisneros, Rosales, 2009, p. 20).As productive members of the workforce, the Hispanics have contributed to the growth of the US economy. Businesses operate and became productive and started to earn profit because it has the manpower to operate. This manpower is characterized by the presence of immigrants including Hispanics. As the way of life develops in the US, many Americans also chose to work on new jobs and have left many menial and blue collar jobs unattended. This is something that the Hispanic immigrants filled in making it possible that there is no void in all of the aspects of the workforce.

As for the disadvantages, the entry of immigrant Hispanic in the US increased the number of people that are in need of the resources like food, clothing, shelter etc. Hispanic immigrants compete with other individuals in the US for these resources. The government is also tasked in allotting a particular amount of its national budget to look after the needs and social welfare concerns of these immigrants and the money that is being used here are tax payers money. The most important contribution and positive aspect of the entry of the immigrant Hispanic to the US is that because of them and their immigration to the US, the country has become more diverse in culture. The Hispanic shared with the Americans their culture. Hispanic style architecture, Hispanic art and language and many other things are enjoyed by the Americans and are incorporated in the overall American way of life which makes American culture more diverse, more colorful and more enjoyable.

vi. Theories of identity formation, issues, and challenges  Through the years, the Hispanics who have entered and settled in the US have managed the process of identity formation. There are theories as to how this happened. It includes the investigation of the role of local settlements, the persistence of cultural practices and the newfound pride for their heritage as important focal points of the theories of identity formation. As Hispanic immigrants enter the US, there are places in the US where they settle in, preferably in a place where there are significant Hispanic population. This trend continued and persisted, allowing the Hispanic immigrants to develop their own identity. They live alongside fellow Hispanic people in their local vicinity and are thus subjected to less pressure to adapt to non-Hispanic way of life. The mix of the influence of the US way of life to Hispanic immigrants and the traces of the Hispanic personality combined together created a new identity for the Hispanic immigrants in the US.

For example, the Hispanic womans identity possesses the passion for life and dedication to work. This is common among Hispanic people, mixed with the sense of independence of women in the US that created Hispanic women who are pro-active, independent and competitive workers who are not tied to traditional beliefs that hindered the personal career progress of the women back in Hispanic countries. There is also the role of the persistence of cultural practices that allowed Hispanics to develop their identity. Because they were allowed to practice their Hispanic identity in the US without fear of persecution, these people have a foundation of identity to build from. Lastly, an important ingredient in the identity formation among Hispanics in the US is their ability to find pride in their ancestry and heritage. They were more comfortable in manifesting in little or big ways their Hispanic heritage which impacts the identity creation and formation process among Hispanics living in the US today.

Identity formation is not without challenges and issues. Today, one of the greatest challenges is overcoming the stereotypes rising from identity formation among Hispanics. At some point, the identity formation has become a template for similar or typical Hispanic identity. It also created stereotypes which causes problems for Hispanics in the US. For example, the stereotypes on Hispanics being superstitious, being uneducated and ignorant, as persons who are often connected to illegal activities like bootlegging, etc., and as individuals who are only good for menial jobs create problems for Hispanics. Often, these kinds of stereotypes strongly influence how other people see Hispanics even when as individuals, Hispanics are very diverse, very talented and possess many positive attributes.

The Hispanic stereotype is one of the identity problems that have challenged groups advocating for the removal of the stereotypes in the mindset of the people. It has created issues especially when stereotypes has been used in aspects like education, employment opportunities, etc (McRae, Stangor, Hewstone, p. 426). The advent of mass media and the continued proliferation, influence and power of the media to inform the people is one of the present, modern day challenges. The media often contains stereotypes about Hispanics that do not help improve the image of the Hispanics and worsens the condition on how society views and accepts Hispanics every time the basis for character appraisal is strongly affected by stereotypes. In defense of the media, many movies, for example, address the problem of real life stereotypes among Hispanics by showing the people how stereotyping is not the correct way to identify the true identity of each and every Hispanic. While the more sensitive society has been showing how it is more cautious to avoid stereotyping, it cannot be concluded that this problem is already solved.

vii. Is Americans having an influence on Hispanic culture today - Earlier in the paper, it was mentioned how American culture was affected by Hispanic culture. It is also worthy to explore the idea on whether or not the Americas in general are impacting Hispanic culture today. The answer is yes, it is highly possible. American influence on Hispanic culture is visible in material proof and can also be seen in characteristics not seen by the naked eye.  The Hispanic people in the United States watch American television and American movies. They play American sports and buy American brands. Inside their homes, part of the food they eat everyday reflect the influence of American culture on their very own Hispanic culture. Most Hispanics follow the American dream, lives the American way of life and is constantly bombarded by aspects of American culture. Students of acting wanted to go to Hollywood instead of returning to Spain for an acting career, not because of the difference in pay or the exposure and quality of fame, but because they desire the American way of life. Hollywood is very much representative of the American way of life and the American dream. Hispanics are very religious and marriage is a sacred ritual for them, but over time, many Hispanic youths from younger generation accept the concept of divorce, of moving in together even without the ritual of marriage, of being pregnant even before the woman is married. This is not exactly a deterioration of values, but a sign that American culture is also becoming an important part of the Hispanic culture.

Unlike their forefathers, many Hispanics take pride in successfully pursuing jobs that does not only pay above average but also comes with authority and considerable position in the company, unlike the predicament of their forefathers who came to America fighting for every menial, blue collar job available. This reflects not just the improvement in the state of life among Hispanics but also the change of mindset among young Hispanics who share the belief of the Americans that it is important to pursue a professional career and go for the highest position possible. Hispanics easily and conveniently communicate with each other through American language. They absorb the latest language trend from text message syntax, Internet communication lingo and off-hand, casual conversational words and phrases in exchange for Hispanic words they used to use. All of these things  and more  indicate that yes, American culture is also affecting the Hispanic culture today, as it did in the past, even when the American culture and the Hispanic culture sometimes seem to disappear in a blurred line when it is already hard to define where Hispanic culture ends and American culture begins and vice versa. American culture, after all, is a hodgepodge and melting pot of different cultures brought there by the early settlers.

viii. Barriers that stop them from receiving services in the United States The Hispanics have been proven to significantly contribute to the growth and development of the US. The introduction of their own culture to the American culture can be considered and accepted as development. One of the problems that persist until today is the problem regarding the presence of barriers that stop, hinder or deter the Hispanics from receiving the services they need from the United States government. What are these barriers Why are they present and how can this condition be improved The first important barrier is racial discrimination. Whether Americans accept it or not, the Hispanics, like every other minority in the US, is still being targeted by racists and prejudicial groups and individuals which make it difficult for them to get the type of services they need from the US government. These people or groups believe that the Hispanics do not deserve what the government is giving them. Even if they cannot stop this process, they would intimidate and harass Hispanics to prevent them from enjoying these benefits. In other cases, the prevalence of strong racism and racial discrimination in an area is deterrence enough. For example, individuals would stop calling the police for help especially when they know that cops would likely side on white people or would be the one starting trouble themselves The police understand the difficulty of controlling violent conflict in the barrios, some of which is caused by the officers themselves (Marquez, 2002, p. 213). Police deny them with the protection of the law enforcement agencies which is a basic human right. Students would refuse to go to school where students of Hispanic decent are harassed and threatened by selected individuals and groups, denying themselves of the education which is another basic human right protected by the constitution.

Besides stereotypes, there are also other barriers which can be remedied. Language barrier is one. If a Hispanic individual hardly understand English, he or she would not know what particular privileges he or she can enjoy and avail. Education as well as economic discrepancies and socio economic status (Tienda, Mitchell, 2006, p. 410) also becomes a factor on why some Hispanics are not able to enjoy the services offered by the US government. The problem in employment among Hispanics is also another factor, especially with regards to services and benefits that can only be enjoyed if the person is employed. Since Hispanics is one of the minority groups that experience problem in employment in the US, the unemployed individuals are already deprived of the chance or ability to enjoy that particular service or privilege. Sometimes, Hispanic culture is also a reason why barriers are present. An example is the tendency of some Hispanic individuals to resorting to joining or creating gangs and criminal groups instead of honest hard work and how some barrios in the United States tend to protect gangs and gang members living in that area from the police. They benefit from these groups or individuals which is something that creates barriers that isolate these Hispanics from the services that the government can extend to them.

III. Conclusion
The Hispanic immigration to the United States created the Hispanic Americans. In many places in the US, this group of people is prominently found. They contribute to the development of the US, even if they too had their own share of problems to bear, like the issues on Hispanic stereotypes among workers and students trying to study or work in the US. Learning about the Hispanics involves the understanding and the study of the different aspects of the Hispanics - including the good and the bad. The Hispanics long stay in the US made them integral in the history of the US - from the European expansionist era, to the Gold Rush and the Industrial Revolution to the present, modern day US characterized by Hispanic people. Their culture continues to thrive inside the United States, two cultures effectively living side by side and complementing each other and creating a diverse group of people.

On the day of the wedding, there is a lot of arrangements and consideration that were made to choose the outfit of the bride and the bride groom. The selection of the best wedding gown is the most essential part in the initial stages of the preparation. The bride and her bride groom choose among many colors of their gowns that usually signify a lot in the impression created in the wedding day (Rene  Neale, 2004).

According to the fashion designers they recommend that a white dress usually compete the bride and therefore should be avoided. One should not be worried about wearing the same colors as the bridesmaids or the mothers this is because you cant possibly be able to coordinate with everyone in the wedding party (Eugene, 2003). The two parties should not wear something that is out of respect for the hosts. Another aspect considered is about the manners in the wedding party, the bride or the bridegroom should not take off the gloves to eat or drink as it looks unfashionable and manner less.
There should be good use of good judgment when planning to buy a wedding suit. For example a pastel suit or a soft floral dress for the daytime will be okay and will fit the occasion. On the other hand, as of the bridegroom the recommend may be that he should wear a black suit with a black bow tie (Rene  Neale, 2004). Then also he should not wear a dark suit with a tie if the wedding is after six 6 pm, and should use good judgment if the invitation does not specify the formality of the event, therefore a dark suit and conservative tie will be most acceptable everywhere.

All these incidences are all related to fashion and attractiveness that we receive from the public about their perception and attitude towards them. Here the dressing and the mannerism are the key components that are considered for making an impression about the theme and the event to those are invited.

The attraction towards the fashion outlook is basically enhanced by many factors. According to research women tend to be constantly aware of the changes in fashion and style and whether they are sticking out of the crowd. This is because the main reason being to attract men. Therefore, this means that men get attracted by the fashion outlook of women as this shows their beauty in them (Eugene, 2003). Attractiveness is the perception of the physical and fashionable trait that an individual possesses as aesthetically beautiful.

This can include various implications such as sexual attractiveness and physique. Basically what is considered attractive depends on three factors the universal perception that is common to all human cultures, cultural and social aspects, and individual subjective preferences. Despite the generally perceptions on beauty of both sexes the males tend to have a significant higher value on the appearance in a partner than women (Rene  Neale, 2004).

In day to day encounters people always tend to identify themselves with others whom they perceive as physically striking and attractive. For instance, when watching television, majority will choose to form associations and identify with the most highlighted models. Young adolescents especially females would identify with various models in terms of their personal care, clothing and cosmetics (Eugene, 2003).

They are always highly attracted to the physical attractiveness of models to an extend of forming passionate interests with their images on adverts. It should be noted that physical attractiveness with women and young adolescents is highly associated with self esteem, confidence and positive self concept and image about self (Rene  Neale, 2004). Therefore, self concept of an individual is highly defined by how a person perceives herself and how others describe himher. Attractiveness always draws a lot of attentions from all populations while each and every individual is passionate to identify with highly attractive persons and elements. In media advertisements and marketing, majority of mangers choose to identify agents with significant physical attributes since their attraction draws a lot of attention from the masses and this increases the desire to purchase a given commodity. Amazingly it is believed that human beings unconsciously engage into erotic kind of comparisons by gauging their standards against a given set, a phenomena psychologically defined as Secret ranging (Eugene, 2003). Making observations and consequently evaluations and judgments on appearance of events, venues and even persons is an integral aspect which defines human interaction patterns. A persons general way of dressing, physique, and facial impressions generally reveal important information about ones race, gender, emotion and arguably, socioeconomic status and character.

Festinger, a psychologist who has made tremendous studies on human personality argues that human beings have an intrinsic drive which pushes them towards evaluating their own  abilities and opinions and consequently weighing them against a set of given standards (Rene  Neale, 2004).  However, in the absence of objective standards for making this comparison, they tend to gauge their capabilities against other individuals who are deemed attractive and fashionable.

From a psychological perspective, it is highly believed that human beings have an intrinsic interest and attraction towards attractiveness and fashionable elements. Thus, they tend to be too welcoming and warm to fashionable individuals and they always treat them with great honor and appreciation (Rene  Neale, 2004). It is believed that fashionable individuals are highly social, outgoing and interactive. They are confident in initiating friendships due to solid attributes of their personality structure, ego, esteem, and image. On the extreme contrast less attractive persons are calm, less out going and interactive, and this attributes pin down their popularity and attraction. Attractiveness is the most fundamental element in social relations (Eugene, 2003). Even when men are seeking for intimate affiliations, they are always attracted towards finding a partner who is physically attractive.

Fashions are major elements for building ones self esteem. Thus, physical attractiveness and fashions play significant roles in building the personality structure of an individual. They advance our self image, identity and self concept. Fashion and fashionable elements depict some kind of goodness which each and every person would wish to relate with. Therefore, all persons, friends, peer mates are always attracted to good fashion, attractive persons and beauty.

A quantitative research was performed in 2004 aimed at finding out the reasons behind women aborting children in United States. A structured sample survey was conducted at 11 large health providers with a sample of 1,209 abortion patients. At four of these sites, 38 women were interviewed. The research study used bivariate analysis to examine the difference in the reason for abortion across the subgroups (Finer, Frohwirth, Dauphinee, Singh  Moore, 2005). To assess the association between reported reasons and respondent characteristics, multivariate logistic regression model was used. A quantitative study was conducted on the reasons why United State women have abortions

The quantitative article reported an inter-rater reliability. The questionnaire contained same sample questions presented to different abortion patients in 11 facilities. Each patient was given one question whereby she was supposed to write as many reasons why she aborted. In a sample of 10 respondents, nearly eight of them gave at least one reason. The test shows consistent answers among the respondent giving the research an inter-rater or inter-observer reliability.  Each abortion patient answered 12 sample questions. The research also has test-retest reliability since questions they pre-tested the same sample questions in a clinic to assess if the women understood and were conversant with the questions asked (Finer et al, 2005).

The above quantitative article shows that abortion dependent on several factors such as finances, education and work, age, relationship problems and family interference.

The internal validity checklist include

Financial issues-73 percent of the women interviewed said that they aborted because they could not afford to bring up a baby.

Education and work-74 percent of the women said that the reason they aborted is that the baby would interfere with her education or work.

Age-young women suggested that they aborted because they had not acquired the rightful age to be mothers. Older women however aborted because they had already finished rearing and did not want any other dependants.

The external validity checklist
Family interference-some women said that their parents forced them to have an abortion. Other women said that their spouses did not want a baby so they aborted.

Relationship problems- 48 percent of women suggested relationship problems as the reason behind abortion because they did not want to bring up a child as a single parent

EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 s Fig Age group representation and the percentage of how many women would consider taking an abortion

The aim of this study is to see the association between the self-management of asthma and quality of life using both generic and disease-specific instruments.  The hypothesis predicted that there would be differences in the quality of life between patients who have asthma and people who do not have asthma. The hypothesis predicted that patients who have more knowledge about their asthma are able to better manage their condition, and patients who have asthma have a lower quality of life compared to patients who do not have asthma.

Ho There are no differences in the quality of life between patients who have asthma and those who do not

H1 There are differences in the quality of life between patients who have asthma and those who do not

To get a first impression of the differences between the two groups, some descriptive statistics were calculated. In the table are there summed and mean values of all questions regarding the patients health. The questionnaire consists of 36 questions and measures functional health and well-being from the patients view point. The scale is from a-e typically from strongly agree to disagree strongly. The letters were changed into numbers in order to simplify the analyses.

Group 1  no asthma
Descriptive StatisticsNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviationmean_q20232,74,204mean_sc20348959,4715,522sum_sc20268712475,75124,174sum_q208411398,607,351Valid N (listwise)20

Group 2  suffering from asthma
Descriptive StatisticsNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviationmean_q20232,82,143mean_sc20599571,1410,409sum_sc20474760569,1683,273sum_q2089109101,555,155Valid N (listwise)20

The descriptives show that there are some differences between the two groups. Those suffering from asthma have generally a higher mean value. To examine if this differences are significant, we have to conduct a one sample T-test.

One-Sample StatisticsNMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Meansum_q2098,607,3511,644
One-Sample TestTest Value  101.55                                  tdfSig. (2-tailed)Mean Difference95 Confidence Interval of the DifferenceLowerUppersum_q-1,79519,089-2,950-6,39,49
The summed value for all questions in the healthy group is compared to the value in the group suffering from asthma. Hence we use the value from this group and test it for significant differences to the healthy group.  From the table we can see that the t-value not is significant (-1,795) and significance level is above 0.05. For significant results p should be 0.05 and thus the t-value  -1.96 or 1.96 .  We also test the summed scales values, where we have higher values.

One-Sample StatisticsNMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Meansum_sc20475,75124,17427,766

One-Sample TestTest Value  569                                     tdfSig. (2-tailed)Mean Difference95 Confidence Interval of the DifferenceLowerUppersum_sc-3,35819,003-93,250-151,37-35,13

Here, there are differences between those suffering from asthma and those who not. The values are significant, which implies that we have to keep the null hypothesis. The contradictory results ask for further investigations.

ANOVAs provides same results for sums

Questions values, insignificant results

ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups87,025187,0252,159,150Within Groups1531,7503840,309Total1618,77539

Scales values, significant results

ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups87251,167187251,1677,806,008Within Groups424721,1653811176,873Total511972,33339

It is now reasonable to look at each question at the time, and compare the two groups. ANOVAs were conducted in order to look for differences between the healthy and those suffering from asthma. Two groups were created and those were in the next step contrasted to each question through an ANOVA

ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Question_A QuestionBetween Groups4,90014,9006,488,015Within Groups28,70038,755Total33,60039Question_B QuestionBetween Groups7,22517,22521,533,000Within Groups12,75038,336Total19,97539Question_C QuestionBetween Groups2,02512,0257,158,011Within Groups10,75038,283Total12,77539Question_D QuestionBetween Groups3,02513,02510,498,002Within Groups10,95038,288Total13,97539Question_E QuestionBetween Groups4,22514,22510,885,002Within Groups14,75038,388Total18,97539Question_F QuestionBetween Groups,9001,9003,977,053Within Groups8,60038,226Total9,50039Question_G QuestionBetween Groups2,50012,5007,983,007Within Groups11,90038,313Total14,40039Question_H QuestionBetween Groups7,22517,22528,749,000Within Groups9,55038,251Total16,77539Question_I QuestionBetween Groups4,22514,22511,676,002Within Groups13,75038,362Total17,97539Question_J QuestionBetween Groups,6251,6252,844,100Within Groups8,35038,220Total8,97539Question_K QuestionBetween Groups,0251,0251,000,324Within Groups,95038,025Total,97539Question_L QuestionBetween Groups,6251,6253,231,080Within Groups7,35038,193Total7,97539Question_M QuestionBetween Groups,0251,025,102,752Within Groups9,35038,246Total9,37539Question_N QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,458,503Within Groups8,30038,218Total8,40039Question_O QuestionBetween Groups,0251,025,109,744Within Groups8,75038,230Total8,77539Question_P QuestionBetween Groups,9001,9003,931,055Within Groups8,70038,229Total9,60039Question_Q QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,388,537Within Groups9,80038,258Total9,90039Question_R QuestionBetween Groups,4001,4001,900,176Within Groups8,00038,211Total8,40039Question_S QuestionBetween Groups1,22511,2251,379,248Within Groups33,75038,888Total34,97539Question_T QuestionBetween Groups,9001,900,563,458Within Groups60,700381,597Total61,60039Question_U QuestionBetween Groups2,50012,5003,276,078Within Groups29,00038,763Total31,50039Question_V QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,115,736Within Groups33,00038,868Total33,10039Question_W QuestionBetween Groups,0001,000,0001,000Within Groups46,400381,221Total46,40039Question_X QuestionBetween Groups2,50012,5002,411,129Within Groups39,400381,037Total41,90039Question_Y QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,084,773Within Groups45,000381,184Total45,10039Question_Z QuestionBetween Groups,0251,025,015,904Within Groups64,950381,709Total64,97539Question_AA QuestionBetween Groups,9001,9001,213,278Within Groups28,20038,742Total29,10039Question_AB QuestionBetween Groups,4001,400,284,597Within Groups53,500381,408Total53,90039Question_AC QuestionBetween Groups,2251,225,170,682Within Groups50,150381,320Total50,37539Question_AD QuestionBetween Groups5,62515,6255,723,022Within Groups37,35038,983Total42,97539Question_AE QuestionBetween Groups3,60013,6003,420,072Within Groups40,000381,053Total43,60039Question_AF QuestionBetween Groups18,225118,22519,481,000Within Groups35,55038,936Total53,77539Question_AG QuestionBetween Groups,4001,400,325,572Within Groups46,700381,229Total47,10039Question_AH QuestionBetween Groups8,10018,1007,158,011Within Groups43,000381,132Total51,10039Question_AI QuestionBetween Groups15,625115,62516,892,000Within Groups35,15038,925Total50,77539

As seen from the Anova analysis, the groups differ depending on the questions. For many questions there is highly insignificant result, which implies that we keep the null-hypothesis. Those questions that are significant, we have to reject the null hypothesis.

Regressions were also conducted. The outcome of the questions was set as the dependent variable, which was regressed on the group variable that was the independent.  The differences between groups could explain about 5 of the total variance (R20.054). However, as the coefficients show, both in the regression report and in the correlations, no significant results were to be found. This indicates that there are no differences between the groups that can be statistically significant. However, the ANOVAs conducted in previous section show that there is significant differences on some questions.

Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1,232a,054,0296,349a. Predictors (Constant), Group

ANOVAbModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression87,025187,0252,159,150aResidual1531,7503840,309Total1618,77539a. Predictors (Constant), Groupb. Dependent Variable sum_Q

CoefficientsaModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig.BStd. ErrorBeta1(Constant)98,6001,42069,453,000Group2,9502,008,2321,469,150a. Dependent Variable sum_Q

Correlations for sums of questions and groups.

Correlationssum_QGroupsum_QPearson Correlation1,232Sig. (2-tailed),150N4240GroupPearson Correlation,2321Sig. (2-tailed),150N4040

Then the questions are put together to scales, there are, however, differences between groups that is significant at the 0.05 p-level.

Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1,335a,112,08998,853a. Predictors (Constant), Group

ANOVAbModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression46797,001146797,0014,789,035aResidual371335,499389771,987Total418132,49939a. Predictors (Constant), Groupb. Dependent Variable sum_sc

CoefficientsaModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig.BStd. ErrorBeta1(Constant)408,75022,10418,492,000Group68,40831,260,3352,188,035a. Dependent Variable sum_sc

Whether people with more knowledge could manage their asthma is next question. Therefore must a hypothesis be formulated.

Ho There are no differences how people that have more knowledge of asthma manage their condition

H1 There are differences how people that have more knowledge of asthma manage their condition

The questionnaire used concerned 60 questions about attitudes and knowledge about asthma. The questions about knowledge were gauge from the survey to investigate if there were any differences in the patients knowledge about asthma and how they managed their disease. The scale ranged from 1-5, where 1 stands for true and 5 for false. If we examine the mean of the questions the answers tend to be more true than false according to the participants.  If we compare the mean answers to the preferred answer, variability among answers is seen. To test look for which questions that are difficult for the respondents, we can conduct a test of mean differences. Those answers that significantly differ from the preferred response are thus difficult for the participants.  However, for this to be meaningful, we should have to different groups to test. In the descriptive statistics, we see just one sample with respondents and how their answers are inline with the right (preferred) answers. We see that some means are different from the right answers but many are well in line as well. To make this more interesting and meaningful we could investigate every participants knowledge to these questions. However, more appropriate would be to interview patients in order to get a feeling about the knowledge at the individual plane.