Results
Ho There are no differences in the quality of life between patients who have asthma and those who do not
H1 There are differences in the quality of life between patients who have asthma and those who do not
To get a first impression of the differences between the two groups, some descriptive statistics were calculated. In the table are there summed and mean values of all questions regarding the patients health. The questionnaire consists of 36 questions and measures functional health and well-being from the patients view point. The scale is from a-e typically from strongly agree to disagree strongly. The letters were changed into numbers in order to simplify the analyses.
Group 1 no asthma
Descriptive StatisticsNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviationmean_q20232,74,204mean_sc20348959,4715,522sum_sc20268712475,75124,174sum_q208411398,607,351Valid N (listwise)20
Group 2 suffering from asthma
Descriptive StatisticsNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviationmean_q20232,82,143mean_sc20599571,1410,409sum_sc20474760569,1683,273sum_q2089109101,555,155Valid N (listwise)20
The descriptives show that there are some differences between the two groups. Those suffering from asthma have generally a higher mean value. To examine if this differences are significant, we have to conduct a one sample T-test.
One-Sample StatisticsNMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Meansum_q2098,607,3511,644
One-Sample TestTest Value 101.55 tdfSig. (2-tailed)Mean Difference95 Confidence Interval of the DifferenceLowerUppersum_q-1,79519,089-2,950-6,39,49
The summed value for all questions in the healthy group is compared to the value in the group suffering from asthma. Hence we use the value from this group and test it for significant differences to the healthy group. From the table we can see that the t-value not is significant (-1,795) and significance level is above 0.05. For significant results p should be 0.05 and thus the t-value -1.96 or 1.96 . We also test the summed scales values, where we have higher values.
One-Sample StatisticsNMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Meansum_sc20475,75124,17427,766
One-Sample TestTest Value 569 tdfSig. (2-tailed)Mean Difference95 Confidence Interval of the DifferenceLowerUppersum_sc-3,35819,003-93,250-151,37-35,13
Here, there are differences between those suffering from asthma and those who not. The values are significant, which implies that we have to keep the null hypothesis. The contradictory results ask for further investigations.
ANOVAs provides same results for sums
Questions values, insignificant results
ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups87,025187,0252,159,150Within Groups1531,7503840,309Total1618,77539
Scales values, significant results
ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups87251,167187251,1677,806,008Within Groups424721,1653811176,873Total511972,33339
It is now reasonable to look at each question at the time, and compare the two groups. ANOVAs were conducted in order to look for differences between the healthy and those suffering from asthma. Two groups were created and those were in the next step contrasted to each question through an ANOVA
ANOVASum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Question_A QuestionBetween Groups4,90014,9006,488,015Within Groups28,70038,755Total33,60039Question_B QuestionBetween Groups7,22517,22521,533,000Within Groups12,75038,336Total19,97539Question_C QuestionBetween Groups2,02512,0257,158,011Within Groups10,75038,283Total12,77539Question_D QuestionBetween Groups3,02513,02510,498,002Within Groups10,95038,288Total13,97539Question_E QuestionBetween Groups4,22514,22510,885,002Within Groups14,75038,388Total18,97539Question_F QuestionBetween Groups,9001,9003,977,053Within Groups8,60038,226Total9,50039Question_G QuestionBetween Groups2,50012,5007,983,007Within Groups11,90038,313Total14,40039Question_H QuestionBetween Groups7,22517,22528,749,000Within Groups9,55038,251Total16,77539Question_I QuestionBetween Groups4,22514,22511,676,002Within Groups13,75038,362Total17,97539Question_J QuestionBetween Groups,6251,6252,844,100Within Groups8,35038,220Total8,97539Question_K QuestionBetween Groups,0251,0251,000,324Within Groups,95038,025Total,97539Question_L QuestionBetween Groups,6251,6253,231,080Within Groups7,35038,193Total7,97539Question_M QuestionBetween Groups,0251,025,102,752Within Groups9,35038,246Total9,37539Question_N QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,458,503Within Groups8,30038,218Total8,40039Question_O QuestionBetween Groups,0251,025,109,744Within Groups8,75038,230Total8,77539Question_P QuestionBetween Groups,9001,9003,931,055Within Groups8,70038,229Total9,60039Question_Q QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,388,537Within Groups9,80038,258Total9,90039Question_R QuestionBetween Groups,4001,4001,900,176Within Groups8,00038,211Total8,40039Question_S QuestionBetween Groups1,22511,2251,379,248Within Groups33,75038,888Total34,97539Question_T QuestionBetween Groups,9001,900,563,458Within Groups60,700381,597Total61,60039Question_U QuestionBetween Groups2,50012,5003,276,078Within Groups29,00038,763Total31,50039Question_V QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,115,736Within Groups33,00038,868Total33,10039Question_W QuestionBetween Groups,0001,000,0001,000Within Groups46,400381,221Total46,40039Question_X QuestionBetween Groups2,50012,5002,411,129Within Groups39,400381,037Total41,90039Question_Y QuestionBetween Groups,1001,100,084,773Within Groups45,000381,184Total45,10039Question_Z QuestionBetween Groups,0251,025,015,904Within Groups64,950381,709Total64,97539Question_AA QuestionBetween Groups,9001,9001,213,278Within Groups28,20038,742Total29,10039Question_AB QuestionBetween Groups,4001,400,284,597Within Groups53,500381,408Total53,90039Question_AC QuestionBetween Groups,2251,225,170,682Within Groups50,150381,320Total50,37539Question_AD QuestionBetween Groups5,62515,6255,723,022Within Groups37,35038,983Total42,97539Question_AE QuestionBetween Groups3,60013,6003,420,072Within Groups40,000381,053Total43,60039Question_AF QuestionBetween Groups18,225118,22519,481,000Within Groups35,55038,936Total53,77539Question_AG QuestionBetween Groups,4001,400,325,572Within Groups46,700381,229Total47,10039Question_AH QuestionBetween Groups8,10018,1007,158,011Within Groups43,000381,132Total51,10039Question_AI QuestionBetween Groups15,625115,62516,892,000Within Groups35,15038,925Total50,77539
As seen from the Anova analysis, the groups differ depending on the questions. For many questions there is highly insignificant result, which implies that we keep the null-hypothesis. Those questions that are significant, we have to reject the null hypothesis.
Regressions were also conducted. The outcome of the questions was set as the dependent variable, which was regressed on the group variable that was the independent. The differences between groups could explain about 5 of the total variance (R20.054). However, as the coefficients show, both in the regression report and in the correlations, no significant results were to be found. This indicates that there are no differences between the groups that can be statistically significant. However, the ANOVAs conducted in previous section show that there is significant differences on some questions.
Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1,232a,054,0296,349a. Predictors (Constant), Group
ANOVAbModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression87,025187,0252,159,150aResidual1531,7503840,309Total1618,77539a. Predictors (Constant), Groupb. Dependent Variable sum_Q
CoefficientsaModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig.BStd. ErrorBeta1(Constant)98,6001,42069,453,000Group2,9502,008,2321,469,150a. Dependent Variable sum_Q
Correlations for sums of questions and groups.
Correlationssum_QGroupsum_QPearson Correlation1,232Sig. (2-tailed),150N4240GroupPearson Correlation,2321Sig. (2-tailed),150N4040
Then the questions are put together to scales, there are, however, differences between groups that is significant at the 0.05 p-level.
Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1,335a,112,08998,853a. Predictors (Constant), Group
ANOVAbModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression46797,001146797,0014,789,035aResidual371335,499389771,987Total418132,49939a. Predictors (Constant), Groupb. Dependent Variable sum_sc
CoefficientsaModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig.BStd. ErrorBeta1(Constant)408,75022,10418,492,000Group68,40831,260,3352,188,035a. Dependent Variable sum_sc
Whether people with more knowledge could manage their asthma is next question. Therefore must a hypothesis be formulated.
Ho There are no differences how people that have more knowledge of asthma manage their condition
H1 There are differences how people that have more knowledge of asthma manage their condition
The questionnaire used concerned 60 questions about attitudes and knowledge about asthma. The questions about knowledge were gauge from the survey to investigate if there were any differences in the patients knowledge about asthma and how they managed their disease. The scale ranged from 1-5, where 1 stands for true and 5 for false. If we examine the mean of the questions the answers tend to be more true than false according to the participants. If we compare the mean answers to the preferred answer, variability among answers is seen. To test look for which questions that are difficult for the respondents, we can conduct a test of mean differences. Those answers that significantly differ from the preferred response are thus difficult for the participants. However, for this to be meaningful, we should have to different groups to test. In the descriptive statistics, we see just one sample with respondents and how their answers are inline with the right (preferred) answers. We see that some means are different from the right answers but many are well in line as well. To make this more interesting and meaningful we could investigate every participants knowledge to these questions. However, more appropriate would be to interview patients in order to get a feeling about the knowledge at the individual plane.
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