Psychology

Quiz 1
1. The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand
 how and why people from diverse cultures are different. how children learn to speak and understand language. Xhow and why people change across the life span. how humans and animals are similar and different.2. Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development

The relationship between the two moves only in one direction. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture has no effect on our genes. XThe relationship between the two is clear. Genes (nature) determine our physical traits, while nurture affects the development of our psychological and behavioral traits. Nurture is the primary influence on our overall development. Genes only set the stage, and from the moment of birth nurture takes over. The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture, in turn, affects genes.3. The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies, and art that a group of people have developed over the years as a design for living are referred to as their

Xculture. cohort. ethnicity. environment.4. Scientific observation permits
 the study of individuals behaving as they normally do. determination of cause-and-effect relationships. precise control of the environment. Xsystematic manipulation of variables.5. To study peoples thoughts about aging, a researcher would most likely use a laboratory experiment. Xa survey. naturalistic observation. the case-study method.6. The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their policies and procedures. participant rules. Xcode of ethics. conditions of liability.7. In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as
 holding harmless. Xinformed consent. release of liability. rite of research.8. Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that may be researched quickly. may be researched inexpensively. Xare of major importance to society. are politically correct.9. When an emergent theory becomes a consistent and recurring source of research, and becomes comprehensive and widely applied, it has become what type of theory

Experimental XGrand Immersion Descriptive10. Danielle sucks her thumb because she finds it very pleasurable. According to Freud, Danielle is most likely in the anal stage. Xthe oral stage. latency. the phallic stage.11. Piagets theory of development focused primarily on Xhow our thinking changes as we grow older. biological and physical changes. our unconscious issues. the ways in which our environment influences our physical development.12. Piagets second stage of cognitive development is called formal operational. Xpreoperational. concrete operational. sensorimotor.13. According to sociocultural theory, the zone of proximal development refers to the skills that the learner can master with assistance. can overwhelm the learner. the learner wants to learn.X the learner can perform independently.14. Vygotskys theory has been criticized for overlooking how people learn from one another. failing to recognize how much children can learn when encouraged. Xneglecting genetic contributions to learning. ignoring the dynamic interaction that occurs between people.15. An epigenetic effect that influences the sex of a child is the X age of the mother. use of birth control. month of conception. birth order.16. Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children are emphasizing the importance of Xnurture. the zone of proximal development. nature. operant conditioning.17. The molecular basis of heredity is the gene. thymine. XDNA. the cell.18. The sperm and the ovum are chromosomes. Xgametes. eggs. zygotes.19. The first hours and days of human development involve the processes of Xduplication, division, and differentiation. duplication, specialization, and progression. division, multiplication, and specialization. differentiation, division, and centralization.20. What is unique about stem cells
X They have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell. They are only found in humans. They are only found in adult humans. They make up less than 1 percent of autosomes.21. Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygotes cells have the usual 46 chromosomes. gametes with 46 chromosomes. Xmore or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes. the usual 46 chromosomes with damage to the gametes.22. Phenylketonuria is caused by a(n) dominant gene. Xdouble-recessive gene. X-linked gene. single recessive gene.23. The germinal period ends approximately
 two days after conception. two months after conception. Xtwo weeks after conception. twelve weeks after conception.24. What is the function of the placenta to screen out potentially harmful substances to exchange blood between the mother and the developing embryo Xto protect and nourish the developing fetus to create antibodies for the developing fetus25. Babies born between 23 and 26 weeks after conception often experience developmental abnormalities such as cerebral palsy or some level of mental retardation. What percentage of children born during this gestational age do NOT develop any disabilities 5 percent 10 percent 15 percent X20 percent26. The heart is the most susceptible to developing birth defects during the first two weeks after conception. Xbetween the third and sixth weeks after conception. between the eighth and twelfth weeks after conception. during the two months immediately before birth.27. Which of the following is a psychoactive drug
 Lithium Streptomycin retinoic acid XTobacco28. The five characteristics that are evaluated in the Apgar are the Babinski, Moro, stepping, swimming, and grasping reflexes. Xheart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes. cuddling, startling, irritability, vocal response, and visual response. sucking reflex, breathing reflex, size, weight, and disease symptoms.29. Which of the following statements best summarizes the incidence of low birthweights in the United States over the past four decades The rates of low-birthweight births peaked in the 1960s and has been falling steadily since. The highest rates of low-birthweight births have occurred in the 1960s and in the 21st century. XThe highest rates of low-birthweight births occurred in the late 20th century and are now declining. Low-birthweight births were rare in the 1960s, and the rates have been steadily increasing since then.30. Postpartum depression is partly influenced by the amount of time spent in labor. having a cesarean section. giving birth to a preterm infant. Xthe mothers beliefs about her ability to care for her infant.

Quiz 2
1. The average North American newborn measures
14 inches (36 cm). 16 inches (41 cm). X20 inches (51 cm). 24 inches (60 cm).2. Approximately how many hours per day do newborns spend sleeping
10-12 hours less than 16 hours 20-21 hours X17 hours3. Which of the following is a reason why first-born children have more sleep difficulties than later-born children
X because of hormonal differences between first pregnancies and later pregnancies because first-born children are more likely to be male and male children have more sleep difficulties than female children because parents tend to be more vigilant with their first-born children because first-born children are more likely to be fed cows milk than are later-born children4. In the process of transient exuberance, great brain growth is seen, especially in the number of axons. nucleus.X dendrites. axon terminals.5. According to research by de Haan  Johnson, increasing cognitive complexity is due to
 transient exuberance. synaptic regeneration.X axonal pruning. synaptic pruning.6. Jen had little to play with as an infant but developed into a curious, intelligent preschooler who concocted toys out of whatever she could find. She is developing her brain through experience-sculpting. cognitive independence. Xself-righting. selective attention.7. Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, ______ has occurred. Perception Interpretation XSensation Response8. When one-month-old Lily is held upright with her feet touching a flat surface, she should Xmove her legs as if to walk. curl up her toes. kick out her legs. move her legs upward toward her body.9. Research on SIDS has shown that babies should be Xput to sleep on their backs. swaddled tightly before being put to bed. kept in a warm bedroom. fed right before being put to bed.10. The Swiss scientist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on sensory and motor skills was Noam Chomsky. Eleanor Gibson. Sigmund Freud.X Jean Piaget.11. Which of these stages develops prior to new means through active experimentation stage one new awareness of things new adaptation and anticipationX new means through mental combinations12. Five-month-old Patricia has learned to clap her hands and play patty-cake when her sister claps her hands and smiles. In which of the following behaviors is Patricia engaging acquired adaptation making interesting sights last active experimentation Xmaking mental combinations13. A technique that measures electrical activity in the cortex of the brain is a(n) ECG. XEEG. MRI. PET scan.14. According to dynamic perception, 1-year-old Diane would most prefer to look at a brightly colored beach ball. a picture of Barney. Xa mobile spinning over her head. the puzzle being held by her Aunt Cynthia.15. New research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers
 use situations that are different from real life. do not let the baby move during the memory event. use highly emotional events.X use special measures to aid memory retrieval.16. According to Chomskys theory of language acquisition children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement. Xchildren have an inborn ability to learn language. the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions. language learning depends on specific structure in the brain.17. Bill constantly talks to his 3-month-old infant. His friend Ted tells him that it is useless to do so, because an infant cannot understand language. Social-pragmatists would Xagree with Ted, since cooing and babbling are reflexive. suggest that Bills behavior indicates he needs therapy. agree with Ted, since too much listening slows talking. disagree with Ted, because Bills behavior teaches communication.18. Which of the following is characteristic of the emotions that develop over the course of the first 2 years of life They remain purely reflexive. They remain cautious and anticipatory. They are spontaneous and uncensored. XThey adapt and change according to cognitive maps.19. Tammi, age 4 months, and Dawn, age 13 months, are left with a baby-sitter. How will they react
 Tammi will be more upset than Dawn. XDawn will probably show more distress than Tammi. Both Tammi and Dawn will be similar in experiencing separation anxiety. Neither is likely to show distress.20. Eriksons second stage of development is called attachment vs. self-awareness. pride vs. shame. synchrony vs. attachment.X autonomy vs. shame and doubt.21. Claire is 1 year old and lives in a noisy, loving family home with her parents and four siblings. She receives much positive attention and has a trusting relationship with her family. According to Piaget, she will likely develop which of the following a fixed cognitive schema that families are large a fixed cognitive schema that she will always be the youngest in her familyX a cognitive schema that families are as loving and loud as her working model a cognitive schema that children are reinforced for making noise22. Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who held their baby all of the time and cradled him. They are exhibitingX Proximal parenting. Distal parenting. authoritarian parenting. autonomous parenting.23. Which type of attachment normally develops between 2 and 6 years of age
 attachment revisited Xnew attachment attachment as a launching pad classic secure attachment24. Emily and Ryan are 18-month-old twins. Their mother has been drinking heavily since her husband left her when the twins were 6 weeks old. Emily and Ryan are likely to develop which type of attachment insecure-avoidant Secure insecure-resistantavoidant XDisorganized25. In a Canadian study, which of the following groups of children fared least well when cared for by someone other than their mothers during infancy girls from low-income families Xchildren of African descent boys from high-income families children of French descent

Quiz 3
1. The body mass index (BMI) is the lowest of the life span at age
 1.X 5. 9. 13.2. The ethnic group from which children tend to be tallest is
 Africans.X Europeans. Asians. Latinos.3. Which of the following is the best way to ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake
 Eat 6-8 times a day. Take vitamin and mineral supplements. Eat breakfast cereals which contain 100 percent of the days nutrients and vitamins. XEat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.4. The 2-year-old human brain weighs ______ percent of the adult brain.
 55 65 X75 805. Once a young child starts to cry, it tends to continue to do so long after whatever the initial cause, sometimes frustrating the parent. This behavior is an example of Xperseveration. myelination. lateralization. transubstantiation.6. The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is theX limbic system. prefrontal cortex. frontal lobe. corpus collosum.7. Many preschoolers have trouble dressing themselves, writing, or stringing small beads. This can be explained by a lack of X brain maturation and having short, stubby fingers. practice and motivation. encouragement and having short, stubby fingers. motivation and brain maturation.8. Four-year-old Michael has drawn a picture of you and a picture of his teacher. Which of the following is most likely to be true The two pictures are likely to be very similar, and if you switch them when the child isnt looking, they wont be able to identify which is which. The two drawings will have distinctly different characteristics.X The two pictures may look very similar to you, but the child will be very insistent about which picture is which. The drawings will reveal valuable information about the childs temperament and personality.9. Symptoms of maltreatment include X an out-of-body feeling. hypervigilance. hypo-manic reactions. depersonalization.10. An example of kinship care is
 XMichelle baby-sits her brother Tommy. Patti and Rob adopt two brothers. Eric and Sherral provide foster care for their neglected nephew. Mari is placed in a group home with other abused children.11. Preoperational intelligence differs from sensorimotor intelligence in that preoperational intelligence
 goes beyond senses and motor skills. includes logical reasoning. Xis characterized by reversibility of thought. is comprised of simple abstractions.12. To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all others is called magical thinking. static reasoning. Xcentration. focusing on appearances only.13. To assume that the world is unchanging is to engage in
 magical thinking. Xstatic reasoning. centration. a focus on appearances only.14. Skills that a person can perform with assistance, but which they cannot quite perform on their own lie within the
 zone of proximal development. Xarea of demarcation. realm of operational thinking. range of potential performance.15. The child, not yet being able to read on her own, gets assistance from an adult to accomplish the skill. This assistance will only be effective if the child is in
 a static reasoning period. Xa scaffold. the period of preoperations. the zone of proximal development.16. Which of the following is true of the study conducted by Kelemen with Mexican American mothers and their children regarding theory-theory Older children ask more questions in general than do younger children. Mothers with more years of education recorded fewer questions as they were asked by their children. Mothers and children of lower SES asked the most questions overall. XYounger children ask for more clarification of instructions than do older children.17. Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney
 is egocentric. has a script for crying.X has a theory of mind. has learned conservation.18. When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called lexical addition. categorical embellishment. vocabulary expansion. Xfast-mapping.19. Research data suggests that the amount a child talks is strongly influenced by ______, while ______ determines the words and grammatical constructions a child understands.
 culture genes myelination genes genes experience Xexpression reception20. To find a good preschool, a parent should look for a curriculum geared toward behavioral control experienced teachers. Xteachers responsive to childrens needs low teacher-child ratios. a desk and a chair for each child a curriculum geared toward cognitive development. experienced teachers curriculum that teaches children as a whole group.21. An angry 5-year-old might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed social referencing. self-esteem. identification. Xemotional regulation.22. The presence of imaginary friends positively correlates with an increase in
 shame. extrinsic motivation. Xintrinsic motivation. initiative.23. Diana Baumrind is known for her work on the Electra complex. types of play. Xstyles of parenting. cognitive stages.24. Authoritarian parents are affectionate with their children and often praise them. allow children to question their decisions but punish misconduct. Xseem aloof from their children. make few maturity demands on their children.25. At least among the majority of families, adolescents who are successful, generous individuals are from authoritarian homes. permissive homes. Xauthoritative homes. traditional homes.26. Sara, age 3, seeing a little boy fall and hurt himself, gets a look of concern on her face. She is probably experiencing fear. sadness. Xempathy. frustration.27. Research on spanking suggests that it is quick and efficient at age 2 or 3, and that the child will become more self-controlled. the spanking is less harmful if the parent expressed honest anger at the childs negative emotions. Xit may have negative repercussions later. the child will be less likely to shove or hit as retaliation.28. Freud would say that a typical 5-year-old is in the latency stage.X phallic stage. genital stage. superego stage.29. Theorists who support a focus on childrens understanding as opposed to observable behavior are sociocultural theorists. Xpsychoanalytic theorists. behavioral theorists. cognitive theorists.30. The view of development that asserts that girls tend to be more responsive to language than boys isX sociocultural theory. psychoanalytic theory. behavioral theory. epigenetic theory.

Quiz 4
1. When you look at the rate of growth for children from ages 7 to 11, you see that
 children grow more slowly than they did in early childhood. children grow faster than they did in early childhood. the rate is about the same from ages 2 to 12.X children have a tremendous growth spurt during the school years.2. Children should start brushing their teeth by age ______ and seeing a dentist by age ______.
X 1 3 3 4 2 3 3 53. Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the decline in neighborhood play among children
 overpopulated cities stranger danger Xparental obesity fewer open spaces4. The ratio between a persons height and weight is expressed as
 HWP. BMW. APGAR. XBMI.5. Madeline is 9 years old and considered obese. While her parents acknowledge that they could adopt a healthier lifestyle, they blame genetics for her weight problem. How many genes are estimated to influence Madelines weight
 1 25 100 Xmore than 2006. About two-thirds of all those who take IQ tests score in the average range, that is, between 85 and
 100. X115. 125. 135.7. Both the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler are
X intelligence scales. performed entirely with pencil and paper. achievement tests. used only for children born in the United States.8. The IQ test specific for preschoolers is the
 WISC. WAIS. Stanford-Binet. XWPPSI.9. Which of the following groups is most likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in the United States
 White children non-Hispanic Black children Hispanic childrenX third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade children10. If an intelligent 8-year-old cannot read, this might be attributed to
 dysgraphia. dysphonemia. Xdyslexia. dyscalcula.11. Emmas speech at age 3 was difficult to understand, and she did not demonstrate the typical language explosion. Now at age 8, she is experiencing difficulty in school. Her early speech history may have been an early indication for
X dyslexia. pervasive developmental disorder. ADHD. Asperger syndrome.12. Maria has dyslexia. Maria is taught in the regular classroom, where she has her own reading tutor for part of the day. This is an example of mainstreaming. the resource room. Xinclusion. indoctrination.13. According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood conservation abstract reasoning logicX egocentrism14. The ability to understand connections between one fact and another, even though it is not stated, is called transitional thinking. abstract reasoning.X intuition. transitive inference.15. Which of the following accurately reflects Vygotskys view of the education system of his day XHe felt that children were incapable of memorizing facts at such a young age. He felt that the rote memorization of facts impeded childrens ability to apply their acquired knowledge. He felt that the teachers of the time were inadequately educated. He felt that too much was required of school-age children and that this led to a sense of shame and guilt.16. At what age are children able to develop their own memory aids and organize information on their own 2-5 years X5-7 years 7-8 years 9-11 years17. The change in cognition that allows children to focus without becoming distracted, persist at tasks, and exhibit quick, efficient memory is a result of the development of X preoperational thought. reciprocity. the limbic system. the control processes.18. Identify the best example of selective attention.

XRyan reads while other children in the room are singing. Shelley decides to do her math homework before going outside to play. Bill is drawing a picture, but he is distracted by his brothers radio. Karen is fixing a snack, trying to work on puzzles, and listening to the radio.19. Metacognition refers to
 better problem-solving strategies. better problem-solving abilities. Xthinking about ones thinking processes. considering multiple alternatives.20. The sudden understanding that ones tone of voice, word selection, and the context in which the language is used may override the literal content of ones speech requires a complex knowledge of metacognition. automatization.X the pragmatics of language. working memory.21. What percent of the worlds 7-year-olds are in school
 45 percent 60 percent X75 percent 90 percent22. In the rankings on math achievement (TIMSS), which of the countries does the textbook report to have scored the lowest in 2003
 Singapore The United States Canada XIran23. Jefferson High School has rules and regulations that guarantee student representation in school affairs. John, a senior, has learned that the administration of his high school wants obedience. Obedience at Johns school is a(n) hidden agenda. Xhidden curriculum. hidden value. hidden assumption.24. In 2002, the Japanese government instituted yutori kyoiku in order to Xease educational and testing requirements for schoolchildren. lower the standards of public education. increase the competitive edge in world scholarship competitions. duplicate the No Child Left Behind program instituted in the United States.25. Childrens increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control all contribute to their sense of
 conservation. peer values. Xautonomy. egocentrism.26. Why is it so important that children learn a sense of industry or competence

It allows them to stand up to their parents and gain a sense of autonomy. It assures them a place high in the peer group. It provides structure and discipline in their lives. XIt provides a crucial defense against emotional problems.27. If you were to ask 10-year-old Stephen Who knows you best which of the following would likely be his answer XMy mom knows me better than anyone. My older brother knows me better than anyone. My best friend Jake knows me better than anyone. I know myself better than anyone.28. The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and somehow remains unscathed in the process is termed as buoyant. resilient. parasympathetic. Xunflappable.29. Joey, age 8, lives in a very stressful, chaotic home where he sometimes witnesses his mother being physically abused. Joeys problems may be overcome by denying they exist. running away from home. being actively involved in his church. Xhiding in his room when trouble starts.30. In order to accurately measure the influences of family on childrens personalities, what have current researchers done looked at the weaknesses of earlier research and tried to avoid these aspects of heir methods developed totally new research, ignoring earlier research findings relied more on biological, objective, methods of research and less on subjective measures such as surveys Xpaid less attention to controlling for variables such as genes, gender, and age31. Com