Psychology

How to increase productivity What factors influence human being to act in a certain manner  The answer to the question is Motivation.  Motivation can be divided into tow categories  Number one, traditional motivation theory. Number two modern motivation theories.   Continuous researches are being conducted to influence human being to focus their efforts toward fulfilling the organizational objectives.

Abraham Maslow developed a motivation theory to study different categories of people and how they progress toward higher level of needs.  
Maslows hierarchy of needs was developed by Abraham Maslow in which needs are predetermined in order of importance. It has been depicted as a pyramid comprising of five levels the lowest level is associated with physiological needs, while the uppermost level is associated with self-actualization needs, particularly those related to identity and purpose.
Physiological needs
This needs relate mans basic needs.  These are common needs, fulfillment of which is absolutely essential. If these requirements are not fulfilled, people can not be motivated to perform better. 
Physiological needs include
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiFood o Food Food
Water
Basic things, which are essential to survive.
Lack of air and food will kill an individual. A lack of sexual activity would mean the extinction of humanity, probably explaining the strength of the sexual instinct in individuals.
Safety needs
With their physical needs met, Peoples safety needs take over and dominate their behavior. People need protection from internal and outside environment.  If fear persists in their minds they can perform better.
These have been lacking for most of human history, but at this point are mostly satisfied in the First World -- although the poor, both those who are poor as a class and those who are temporarily poor (university students would be an example), must often still address these needs.
Safety and Security needs include
Personal security
Financial security
Health and well-being
Safety net against accidentsillness and the adverse impacts
Social needs
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs is social. This psychological aspect of Maslows hierarchy involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiFriendship o Friendship Friendship
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiIntimacy o Intimacy Intimacy
Having a supportive and communicative  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiFamily o Family family
Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture,  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiReligion o Religion religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams,  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiGangs o Gangs gangs ( HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiSafety_in_numbers o Safety in numbers Safety in numbers), or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiLoneliness o Loneliness loneliness,  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiSocial_anxiety o Social anxiety social anxiety, and  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiClinical_depression o Clinical depression clinical depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure an anorexic, for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.
Self Esteem
All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect. Also known as the belonging need, esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiInferiority_complex o Inferiority complex inferiority complex. People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. It may be noted, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiDepression_(mood) o Depression (mood) depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.
Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-esteem, strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The last one is higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.
Maslow stresses the dangers associated with self-esteem based on fame and outer recognition instead of inner competence. Healthy self-respect is based on earned respect.
Self-actualization
The motivation to realize ones own maximum potential and possibilities is considered to be the master motive or the only real motive, all other motives being its various forms. In Maslows hierarchy of needs, the need for self-actualization is the final need that manifests when lower level needs have been satisfied.
Maslows hierarchy is one of the first theories taught to marketing students as a basis for understanding consumers motives for action. Marketers have historically looked towards consumers needs to define their actions in the market. If producers design products meeting consumer needs, consumers will more often choose those products over those of competitors. Whichever product better fulfills this void will be chosen more frequently, thus increasing sales. This makes the model relevant to  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiTranspersonal_business_studies o Transpersonal business studies Transpersonal business studies.
Modern Motivation theories have been developed in view of certain deficiencies in the traditional motivation theories.  Following needs are crucial under the present business atmosphere
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiERG_theory o ERG theory ERG theory that further expands and explains this theory.
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiJohn_Curtis_Gowan o John Curtis Gowan John Curtis Gowan
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiSelf_actualization o Self actualization Self actualization
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiMurray27s_Psychogenic_Needs o Murrays Psychogenic Needs Murrays Psychogenic Needs
 HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwindex.phptitleWestin_Hierarchy_of_Work_Needsactioneditredlink1 o Westin Hierarchy of Work Needs (page does not exist) Westin Hierarchy of Work Needs
              These theories were proposed three decades ago.  It is essential to critically examine its applicable in the changed environment. 

Modern society has an infinite number of needs. These needs become imperative as there is a vast change in perception due to challenging situation. The business atmosphere is very sensitive. So, there is an urgent need to modify motivation theory to suit with modern business environment.

Traditional theories like Maslows Hierarchy of Needs cannot hold well under the present circumstances. So, we need to new motivation theory adapting to the change I desires and aspirations of the people.

The modern office environment proves to be important area to study human motivation. The advance technology drives the community and speed of communication.

         Case Study based on practical experience- I

Johnson Company Ltd. was a large business organization with 1000 employees at office and 500workers in the factory. David, GM, Human Resource tried to follow the traditional theories of motivation. The process of motivating the workers was absolutely slow. The target of 20 increase in output could not be fulfilled.  As the situation has been changed over the past three decades, the need for developing new motivation techniques was required.


Case Study based on practical experience

Peter Engineering Works Ltd. was a laundry company with 600 employees and 850 workers. Mr. David  GM, Personnel was entrusted with the responsibility of 30 increase in output. He followed the traditional theory of motivation to encourage workers for enhancing productivity in the factory. The result was negative. The workers did not respond positively. So he realized the need for developing new motivation formula taking into consideration the change in attitudes and interest levels of the workers.
                        Modern motivation strategy is focused toward
Interesting job
Appreciation and recognition
Ensure involvement of employees 
Achievement
Ensuring job security
Giving additional  responsibilities
Wages in accordance with prevailing market rate
Congenial working conditions
Developing team spirit
Helping people to resolve personal issues
So, traditional motivation theories are relevant, taking into consideration, changed business environment.  The need of the hour is to adopt suitable motivation strategy, depending upon the type of organization, nature of business, number of employees.  Prudent motivation techniques will not only enhance production but also increase the morale of the workers.