Psychology

The continuous development of addiction causes significant impact on all aspects of functioning including health, relationships, career and lifestyle in general. In order to effectively treat and prevent chemical dependency, the origin and solution of addiction is therefore oversimplified through strategic intervention methods. Intervention is a clearly orchestrated attempt by one or many people to get someone to seek professional help

with addiction. This term is most often used when the traumatic event involves addiction to drugs or other items. It may equally be used to refer to the act of using a technique within a therapy session (Weighright, 2002, p. 46).

Collaboration in the field of addiction is on a general upswing considering the challenges of under funding, and isolation of addiction intervention mechanisms in the heath and human services sectors. The biopsychological model, a fresh approach to treatment is on the rise. It attempts to unify competing addiction by the rise of the integrated conceptual framework. The biopsychological model recognizes that there are multiple pathways to addiction and that the significance of these individual pathways depends on the individual. This model recognizes the importance of treating the whole person, other than just the addiction (Calvert, 1999, p.68).

The biopsychological model as detailed in Balls work, is an umbrella that encompasses the disease model, the learning theory model, the psychoanalytic model, the family theory model and the biopsychological model (2004, p.92).

The disease model has been a dominant model since the 1960s. The model contends that certain individuals have a distinct physical or psychological condition that renders them incapable of drinking or using drugs in moderation. This model endorses working with the individual to accept their diagnosis and be persuaded to follow an abstinence from alcohol and other model-altering drugs. Furthermore, this model has been closely associated with the moral model which emphasizes personal choice as the main reason why individuals become addicts. The moral model appears when clients fail to observe house rules or are struggling with coming to terms with their addiction (p.94).

The biological model also embraces the provisions of the disease model. It entrenches the hereditary brain disorder factor and dependence degrees of the individual and considers medication as a healing option.

The learning theory model, a second concept of the biopsychological model, focuses on the internal workings of addiction such as thoughts and behaviors regarded as cognitions and behaviors respectively. This model asserts that addictive behaviors are developed in response to ones environment. It includes behavioral modalities, cognitive and cognitive-behavioral modalities, a merger of the first two modalities.

The psychoanalytic model embraces Sigmund Freuds psychological version. The approach utilizes time in the therapeutic process and entails psychodynamic modalities of psychotherapy, modified dynamic group therapy, and supportive-expressive psychotherapy (Weighright, 2004, p.52). The family theory model on the other hand, believes that an individual cannot be understood without considering his or her relationship with the family. It also asserts that families as a whole tend to resist change which consequentially affects individual progress. The term is family in this type of therapy is defined as the immediate family, significant others, couples and multiple families. The family models covered under these therapeutic models include the family systems, family behavioral, family disease models, strategic family therapy, structural family therapy, Bowenian family therapy, contextual family therapy, network therapy, and multidimensional family therapy (Calvert, 1999, p.75).

People are mostly centrally concerned with motivation. Individuals struggle to find energy, mobilize effort and persist at tasks related to life and work. The motivation is defined by the outward environment which incorporates reward systems, grades, evaluations, or external opinions about their appearance and output and inward motivation manifested by interests, curiosity, and care and abiding rules as well. These intrinsic motivations are rarely externally rewarded or supported but tend to sustain passions, creativity and sustained efforts (Ball, 2004, p. 102). The interplay between intrinsic motives and extrinsic forces is what defines The Self Determination Theory, a theory categorized under motivation theories. 
             
The Self-Determination Theory
The Self-Determination theory represents a broad framework for the study of human motivation personality. This theory articulates a meta-theory for framing motivational studies, a formal theory that defines intrinsic and varied extrinsic sources of motivation in cognitive and social development and individual differences. It also focuses on how social and cultural factors facilitate or undermine peoples sense of volition and initiative in addition to their well-being and the quality of their performance. Several mini-theories are discussed under this theory (Basset, 1996, p. 38).

The Cognitive Evaluation Theory concerns intrinsic motivation, a kind of motivation based on the satisfactions of behaving and is a lifelong creative wellspring. It specifically addresses the effects of social contexts on intrinsic motivation and critically highlights critical roles played by competence and autonomy supports in fostering intrinsic motivation. The Organism Integration Theory, a second mini-theory, addresses the topic of extrinsic motivation in its various forms, with their properties, determinants, and consequences. A concept of internalization in the extrinsic motivation determines the level of autonomy which further enacts the behaviors (p.40).

The Causality Orientations Theory describes individual differences in peoples tendencies to orient toward environments and regulate behavior in various ways. It describes and assesses three dimensions of causality orientations the autonomy orientation, in which people act out of interest in and valuing of what is occurring the control orientation, where the focus is on the rewards, gains, and approval and the impersonal orientation characterized by anxiety concerning competence.

Basic Psychological Needs Theory is a third mini-theory that elaborates the concept of evolved psychological needs and their relations to psychological health and well-being. It argues that psychological well- being and optimal functioning is predicated on autonomy, competence and relatedness (p.44).

The last is the Goals Contents Theory grows out of the distinctions between intrinsic and extrinsic goals and their impact on motivation and wellness. Goals are seen as differentially affording basic need satisfactions and are therefore differentially associated with well-being.

The Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change
The second motivational theory is the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change. This theory proposes that behavior change occurs in five distinct stages through which people in a cyclical or spiral pattern. The first of these is termed as pre-contemplation. Here, there is no intent on the part of the individual to change his or her behavior in the foreseeable future. The second is contemplation, where people are aware of the existence of a problem and are seriously considering taking some action to address the problem. This stage is however characterized by lack of full commitment to undertake action. The third stage is the preparation stage. It involves both the intention to change and some minor behavior which often meet with limited success. The fourth stage, action, is where individuals actually modify their behavior, experiences or environment in order to overcome their problems or to meet their goals. Maintenance is the final stage where people work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained in the action stage.

For successful behavioral change to be achieved, Calvert (1999) the cyclical process is influenced by both progress and periodic relapse. Relapses at earlier stages are inevitable and individuals never remain within the earlier stage to which they have regressed, instead, they spiral upwards until they reach a state where most of their time is spent at thee maintenance stage.