Psychology

Person-centered theories consider a client to be in control of their destiny and experiences and capable of performing their personality growth. Such theories recognize that individuals may not get suitable environment or conditions for personal growth. Unfair and unjust treatment by the system creates malformations in the individuals.

Person-centered counseling theories and cognitive theories
When individuals feel pressurized from other people on their experiences and attitude, they displace their personal judgments and try to adjust to them by being aggressive. Clashes between an individuals self-concept with the personal experiences arouse psychological disturbances which in turn distort the behavior. The important point is the assumption that the client is in control of knowing the answers and the counselor just has to listen to him without giving any advices or judgments.

Psychoanalytic therapy can be used in order to reconstruct the personality of client, to forget bad experience and work out emotional conflicts. It uses individual sessions in which counselor listens to the personal issues of client silently without interruption in order to create a sense of compassion and confidentiality.

Implementation the counselor makes the client G perceive himself consciously without trying any unconscious interpretations of thoughts and ideas. The tools used for person-centered counseling would involve active listening, genuineness and paraphrasing which would lead to identification of the problem, its originality while paraphrasing ensures that the counselor understands what the client is saying.

The counselor helps the client explore his experiences and relationships with others while getting aware of his internal aspects of personality. Such therapy would require time and cost for detailed sessions between client and the counselor.

Outcome the person would be able to deal more effectively with the demands of external conditions and realities. He would develop arguments and thoughts to counter unfavorable treatment by society. Such therapy changes the individuals behavior from self destruction to self construction.

It would help build a sustainable future which is complete in terms of spiritual, emotional and intellectual practicality. It provides a new vision to the client and provides an opportunity to cope with difficulties, meet the challenges and fulfill dreams.

Cognitive behavior counseling theories
Cognitive behavior theory provides solutions of problems of dysfunctional emotions and cognitive behavior by using a systematic procedure. Therapies used under these theories are behavior therapy and cognitive therapy which use behavioral and cognitive research in the treatment.

It is very effective for the treatment of aggressiveness, anxiety, dysfunctional personality and other psychotic disorders. Under this theory, the abnormal behavior of client G is the result of his faulty learning during early stages of childhood when he was subject of sexual and physical abuse.
 
Early loss of parents, homelessness, exposure to violence and molestation has created sense of hatred for the society in terms of antisocial thoughts and actions whereby client takes interest in fights and breaking law. He has suffered from the loss of those with whom he associated himself which has lead to creation of insecure feelings in him.

Implementation Behavioral therapy attempts to treat the maladjusted behavior by observing it without looking into internal mental states and giving advices on how to modify it.

Cognitive behavioral therapy looks into the dysfunctional thinking, behavior and emotional state of the clients and provides them with the technique to identify their distorted thinking, modify beliefs and relate to others in different ways (Freeman, 2006).

Outcomes Functional analysis of client G as a result of behavioral therapy would help him cope with his anxiety and depression regarding his early experiences and his tendency toward aggressiveness.

By using cognitive behavioral therapy the client would be provided with alternative ways of living and solving his personal conflicts. He would be provided with the skills to deal with other differently rather than considering them as his enemies.

Issues
Aggressive behavior is remarked by the client Gs pleas that fight is the only way he can protect himself.  His aggressiveness is also marked by the violation of curfew and getting expelled from school due to combative nature.

He is also having behavioral problems as he has poor eye contact in conversations. He is unfriendly, stern and rude.  The client had to undergo a number of traumas during childhood in terms of the loss of parents, and getting nurtured in childcare center without the love of his blood relations.

He faced sexual abused in a very young age and feels unprotected. His referral to the system as unjust reveals his frustration and trauma of remaining unacceptable in the society and not getting the place he deserved as a human being.

He has a history of homelessness which has eroded his sense of belonging and being loved. He lacks the necessary affiliation with which he can relate himself and take shelter. He had to face the loss of those whom he loved and got associated with which has rendered him insecure feelings.
Client G lacks social support, has insecure feelings, poor in anger management and has low self esteem.  He has developed antisocial thoughts and post-traumatic stress.

Strategy to work out the issues
The strategy to deal with the issues would start with the formulation of goals for the treatment of the client. Three goals regarding homework assignment can be as follows (Freeman, 2006).

Client G needs to be provided with secure attachments and reliable relationships for his psychological development. He can be provided with the care and protection of a reliable and consistent caregiver with whom he can develop closeness. In this regard, instructions are to be provided to foster care system to help him find a reliable family.

Teach him trust and reciprocity which can serve as a guideline for his future relationships.
 Facilitate healthy behavioral and cognitive development through secure exploration of environment. Provide him with the skills of anger management, self-control and ability to generate healthy ideas. Induce him to indulge in healthy activities and find his vocational interests in fields such as supports.

Treatment of client Gs childhood antisocial behavior is necessary. He needs to teach healthy life style, conflict resolution, and emotional literacy and anger management skills to discourage his thoughts of insecurity and aggressiveness.

He can be referred to community-based programs, youth centers and other recreational programs and sports societies to hone and nurture his creative habits.

The first step in the home assignment would be to provide the client with the safe environment and refer to his medical needs. His sense of security can be built by providing him with respect, compassion and assistance in his daily routine. He needs to be provided with the opportunities to relax and be exposed to positive experiences such as a visit to a zoo or museum.

Play Therapy
The client would be provided with safe and confidential environment to play with a number of toys and tool kits to allow healing of his natural inner health. Play therapy induces creative thoughts and constructive impulses from unconscious without any use of medication.

By play therapy the client would be given strategies to cope with the issues and face the problems which he cannot change himself. The objective would be to provide the client G with a more positive view of his future life (Brewin  kirk, 2008).

The material used would include creative visualization, use of clay to form different shapes, role play in a drama, art work or drawing natural sceneries, listening to music and playing music, dancing  and use of therapeutic story telling.

Sandbox therapy would be use specifically for client G to allow his explore his deep emotional issues. This would help client G get insight into the issues and solutions for anger, depression and childhood abuse. He would be able to explore his new world by using the Sandbox and other miniatures in an expressive and creative way.

Family Systems Theory
According to family systems theory individual behavior cannot be understood in isolation as the interconnections between family and individuals help form the basic understanding of cognitive behavior.

The family members of client are from foster care systems who act as his guardians and have important role in his life. The average number of sessions that would be required for the family systems therapy of client G would be around 5 to 15 sessions. The family therapist would meet with the guardians at the same time to reflect the mutual relations and interactive patterns.  As a family therapist I would be interested in the solutions rather than causes.

Communication with the guardians can lead to specific information about the patterns of different interactions and relations.  Guardians can be providing with the family life education and its impact on the mental state (Freeman, 2006).

Rules and boundaries in the family determine how the family system operates. It involves questions like are family member less open to the individual, have unwelcoming attitude toward creative ideas and other household rules.

Family rules determine how the decision are being made and what are the limits of each member in terms of physical and emotional support. Communication channels may not be open ended and clear which can discourage a child from sharing his stressful or anxious feeling with the members.

Parent education models needed in this system would involve basic understating of childhood habits, attitudes and openness to their creative ideas. They can be provide training to be compassionate, responsive and respectful of children to ensure healthy growth of their personality and self esteem.
Multicultural Issues

Children tend to notice differences in terms of cultural issues such as language, skin color, hair etc. They form biases and stereotypes from peers, parents, teachers and even television programs.  Biases infiltrate into the perceptions of childhood attitude and affect their self esteem.
If a child is not given respect and compassion by his peers due to cultural issues he would tend to be aggressive and would develop antisocial thoughts. Knowledge and skills are necessary for coping with multicultural issues in order to avoid development of antisocial thoughts in the children.

Ethnicity and race create multicultural issues that of age, gender, religion and special needs. It is very important to mention that children learn to absorb prejudices early in their childhood. Thus, multicultural education is necessary for children, teacher and parents to groom the early childhood responses (Freeman, 2006).

In order to work these issues with the client I would provide him multicultural education to teach cultural perspectives. Client needs to identify his own culture to provide him with the information on which he can associate himself strongly.

Also, as the counselor I would build partnerships with the parents by engaging in one-on-one conversations. Communications with the parents or guardians can reveal information about the routine, roles and habits of children. Meetings with the guardians can prove effective in terms of providing information about rules and different interactions between family systems and the multicultural environment (Brewin  kirk, 2008).

Multicultural issues if not managed properly distort the personal development of children and erode their self esteem. For healthy psychological growth and development, it is necessary that the environment is friendly to the child and provides respect to him. The goal would be to develop strengths and capacity for resilience for enduring and dealing effectively with racism and oppression.

When individuals feel pressurized due to unfavorable treatment by peers, teachers or friends they form bitter experiences and attitude which displaces their personal judgments. Clashes between an individuals self-concept and the cultural environment tend to create psychological disturbances which in turn distort the behavior. In order to resolve the issues raised by dual-cultural environment, proper training and guidance is necessary (Kerig, 2009).

Reporting Child Abuse
The client G has suffered from sexual abuse in early childhood which has lead to malformation of his emotional and psychological ideas. In order to report child abuse a number of ethical dilemmas are faced by the reporter of child abuse.

Ethical dilemmas arise due to inconsistencies within jurisdiction regarding child abuse. Ethical standards vary in each state in terms of legal requirement for reporting child abuse. Issues arise due to vagueness and controversial relationships of client and the abuser. Families with complaints of child abuse often do not get the services they require to report the crime. Instead of reporting the case, there is increased emphasis on report finding which not only delays the process of reporting but proves tiresome for the reporter.

A number of ethical issues are confronted when evaluating the victims of child abuse and the perpetrator. There is an increasing need that the counselor serves as an investigator to collect evidence for the prosecution and also serve as a witness in the trials. (Schafer  Graham, 2002)

As a consultant, I can suggest a number of intervention strategies. School counselors have a very crucial role in child abuse. They can act as frontline professionals for the identification of child abuse, to provide information about the persons required to report suspected abuse, and as contributors to the treatment process of the victim.  The counselor can monitor and evaluate the condition of child and can play as an advocate for the child.

Among the possible strategies for intervention, there are options to provide alternative role models, individual counseling sessions, affection and nurturance and remedial programs. Other intervention strategies include high quality child care, home visiting programs and co-located services.

For the successful implementation of intervention strategies it is necessary that the focus is on the family and it is viewed as a system with interrelations rather than individual relations. The focus of intervention strategy should be directed toward the child to identify his internal state of mind and cognitive response.

Another important point in the intervention strategy is to allow families set priorities for the intervention and remove the barriers by participating in the treatment of the child. Assistance can be provided to parents, family or directly to the child through programs such as child care services, respite and after-school programs.

Establishing a strong social and supportive network for the child is essential for the intervention strategy to be successful. Family, peers and friends can provide supportive role in this regard. Participation of parents and teachers facilitates the success of early intervention programs. Also, the intervention strategy should target the establishment of community support and social networks for the child which is warm and empathetic.

The contrast between theories of counseling such Person-Centered, Cognitive Behavioral, Family Systems theory, and Play Therapy can be elaborated by the method, and type of tools used for the intervention. The basic difference lies in the fact that person-centered therapy uses discussion sessions with the client, while the play therapy uses toys and other tools to allow self-expression by the client. Family systems therapy is effective in the sense that it associates the child behavior and attitude with the family rules and culture.

Lastly, the plan for the solving the ethical dilemmas that involve children and school counselors should be developed to ensure proper reporting of child abuse and neglect. It is necessary to prevent malformation in the attitudes and personality of children.

The plan can assign an important role to school counselors who can act as frontline professionals for the identification of child abuse, provide information about the persons required to report suspected abuse, and act as contributors to the treatment process of the victim.  The counselor can monitor and evaluate the condition of child and can play as an advocate for the child.

Conclusion
Children who face loss, trauma, homelessness and abuse often develop antisocial thoughts and act aggressively. Their behavior is marked by insecurity and lack of trust. As mentioned in the case of client G, malformations in the personality and behavior have lead to combative behavior and lack of respect for law and society.

Intervention strategies are required for the cognitive and behavioral therapy of the client. In order to be successful, intervention strategies should focus on the child as well as his family.