Psychology

Dual Coding Theory is proposed in order to shed light on the equal weights given to verbal and non-verbal processing. The research will be conducted in order to determine whether verbal and non-verbal information has an effect to the memory recognition of a person. The researcher will be conducted in a class of 20 subject divided further in to three groups of five. Each group will be given different information in order to test memory recognition. For the first group, word information will be given, picture information for the second and picture and word information for the third group. The researcher will be conducting one-way analysis of variance in order to determine whether differences occur between the mean memory recognition of three groups. After conducting one-way analysis of variance, the researcher will find out that there is no difference between the mean memory recognition of the three groups (F  __, p  __). Thus, the research will find out that information given to a person (verbal and non-verbal) has no effect to the memory recognition.

I. Introduction
The mind can perform different kind of processes ranging from verbal up to non-verbal processing and other different processes. Performing different processes has made different studies on how our mind really works. However, since the mind is too complex to be the focus of a study, many researchers resorted to studying the processes that the human mind can perform.

Theoretical Background
Dual Coding Theory (DCT) focuses on the verbal and the non-verbal processes of the human mind. DCT attempts to discuss how equal weights are given to both verbal and non-verbal mind processes. The human mind is able to deal with several processes while simultaneously dealing with another process. An instance is that when mind is dealing with language processing, it can also simultaneously deal with processing non-verbal objects and events. Dual Coding Theory gives light on how this process occur simultaneously (Paivio, 2008).

Dual coding assumes that two cognitive subsystems exist. The two subsystems represent a specialized processing of non-verbal images and events and the other represents a specialized processing of language. The Dual Coding Theory is illustrated below.

Figure 1. Dual Coding Theory Model (Kearsley, 2010). This figure illustrates the Dual Coding Theory. The figure also shows the three important processes involved in Dual Coding Theory.

From the figure, one can see the terms logogens and imagens. Paivio introduced logogens and imagens as two different types of representational units. Logogens is a representational unit for verbal entities. While, imagens is a representational unit for mental images (Paivio, 2008).

Dual Coding Theory involves three types of processes that occur in order. First is representational. In this process, the direct verbal and non-verbal representations were activated. Second is referential. Verbal system activation by non-verbal system and vice versa occurs in this process. Last process is associative processing. This process involves activation of representations by the same verbal and non-verbal systems (Paivio, 2008).

Statement of the Problem
Dual Coding Theory (DCT) has been seen in different applications in cognitive phenomena. The different applications of DCT include problem solving, concept learning and language. Dual Coding Theory involves the principle of recall and recognition which is enhanced by presenting bits of information in both verbal and non-verbal types. With this knowledge in mind, the researcher wants to determine whether memory recognition is affected by the type of information given to a person (non-verbal, verbal). The researcher wants to answer the following question.
Is there a difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal)

Hypothesis
In order to answer the question, the researcher created a testable hypothesis. The following are the hypotheses for the research.

Null hypothesis There is no difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal).

Alternative Hypothesis There is at least one difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal).

II. Methods
The experiment will be done in a class consisting of 20 subjects. The class will be divided in to three groups consisting of five members each. Thus, three samples with size 5 will be obtained from the 20 subjects. Each group will be given different information. The first group will be given word information. The second group will be given picture information. And, the last group will be given both word and picture information.

After obtaining the memory recognition scores, the researcher will use descriptive statistics in order to summarize the data. On the other hand, statistical analysis will be used to test for the hypothesis of the research. Particularly, the researcher will use One-way analysis of variance. One-way analysis of variance is used to determine if there is a difference between the mean of three groups (Howell, 2008). In conjunction with one-way analysis of variance, the researcher will conduct post hoc test in order to determine where the difference lie when the result is significant.

III. Results
One-way analysis of variance will be conducted in order to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal). The test will be conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision will be to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the F-statistic is less than 0.05 significance level. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting one-way analysis of variance, the following results will be obtained.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics

From the table, one can see that the mean memory recognition for the group given with word information is __. The value means that the average memory recognition of a person given with word information is __. One can see that the mean memory recognition for the group given with picture information is __. The value means that the average memory recognition of a person given with picture information is __. Lastly, one can see that the mean memory recognition for the group given with word and picture information is __. The value means that the average memory recognition of a person given with word and picture information is __. The standard deviations for the three groups are __, __ and __ respectively. The values mean that there is an average spread of __, __ and __ respectively from their corresponding mean.

ANOVA table
INSERT TABLE HERE
From the table, one can see that the F-statistic value is equal to __. The corresponding probability value of the F-statistic is __. Since the p-value of the F-statistic is greater than 0.05 significance level, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal).

IV. Discussion
The researcher will found evidence to say that the differences between the average memory recognition are too little to be explained by chance. Thus, the researcher will be confident to say that the information (verbal, non-verbal) given to a person has no effect to the persons memory recognition.