Psychology

Dual Coding Theory is proposed in order to shed light on the equal weights given to verbal and non-verbal processing. The research is conducted in order to determine whether verbal and non-verbal information has an effect to the memory recognition of a person. The researcher conducted an experiment in a class of 20 subject divided further in to three groups of five. Each group was given different information in order to test memory recognition. For the first group, word information was given, picture information for the second and picture and word information for the third group. The researcher used statistical tools to analyze the results of the experiment. Particularly, one-way analysis of variance was used in order to determine whether differences occur between the mean memory recognition of three groups. After conducting one-way analysis of variance, the researcher found out that there is no difference between the mean memory recognition of the three groups (F  5.652, p  0.019). The researcher also found out insignificant differences between mean memory recognition of a person given word and a person given picture information (T2  1.00, p  0.886). While, the researcher found a significant difference between the mean a person given picture information and a person given both picture and word information (T2  4.00, p  0.007). Thus, the researcher is confident to say that a person given by either a word or picture information has no effect to the persons memory recognition. While, a person given both word and picture information has an effect to the memory recognition of a person.

I. Introduction
The mind can perform different kind of processes ranging from verbal up to non-verbal processing and other different processes. Performing different processes has made different studies on how our mind really works. However, since the mind is too complex to be the focus of a study, many researchers resorted to studying the processes that the human mind can perform.

Theoretical Background
Dual Coding Theory
Dual Coding Theory (DCT) focuses on the verbal and the non-verbal processes of the human mind. DCT attempts to discuss how equal weights are given to both verbal and non-verbal mind processes. The human mind is able to deal with several processes while simultaneously dealing with another process. An instance is that when mind is dealing with language processing, it can also simultaneously deal with processing non-verbal objects and events. Dual Coding Theory gives light on how this process occur simultaneously (Paivio, 2008).

Dual coding assumes that two cognitive subsystems exist. The two subsystems represent a specialized processing of non-verbal images and events and the other represents a specialized processing of language. The Dual Coding Theory is illustrated below.

Figure 1. Dual Coding Theory Model (Kearsley, 2010). This figure illustrates the Dual Coding Theory. The figure also shows the three important processes involved in Dual Coding Theory.

From the figure, one can see the terms logogens and imagens. Paivio introduced logogens and imagens as two different types of representational units. Logogens is a representational unit for verbal entities. While, imagens is a representational unit for mental images (Paivio, 2008).

Dual Coding Theory involves three types of processes that occur in order. First is representational. In this process, the direct verbal and non-verbal representations were activated. Second is referential. Verbal system activation by non-verbal system and vice versa occurs in this process. Last process is associative processing. This process involves activation of representations by the same verbal and non-verbal systems (Paivio, 2008).

Memory Recognition
Recognition is simply the process of determining whether a stimuli being introduced has been presented to the person before. In this process, the person was subjected to certain stimuli. When a person has been introduced to the stimuli before, the person will recognize the stimuli when it is presented again to the person. An example is when a person met someone before. When the person met again someone that was introduced in the past, the person tends to recognize the face of that someone even though the name was not remembered. Through recognition, one can determine how well the brain memory performs. Two types of procedure test are used in order to study recognition memory performance of a person. One types is by yes-no and the other is by forced-choice procedures. In the yes-no procedure, the person is only asked whether the stimuli were already introduced. On the other hand, forced-choice procedure gives certain choices for the person to choose from (Eysenck  Keane, 2000).

Recognition is a different process than recall. Recognition is used instead of recall due to several reasons. First, performance of memory of a person can be obtained is more reliable in recognition than recall procedures because of the guessing rates. In recall, a person who is unable to recall a certain stimuli will have a memory performance score of zero. On the other hand, recognition gives a person a certain chance in order to correctly answer a recognition question due to the existence of choices. Second, in recall, a person needs more or complete information regarding the stimuli in order to correctly recall it. On the other hand, recognition does not need complete information and may only need a bit of information in order to properly recognize an object (Eysenck  Keane, 2000).

Statement of the Problem
Dual Coding Theory (DCT) has been seen in different applications in cognitive phenomena. The different applications of DCT include problem solving, concept learning and language. Dual Coding Theory involves the principle of recall and recognition which is enhanced by presenting bits of information in both verbal and non-verbal types. With this knowledge in mind, the researcher wants to determine whether memory recognition is affected by the type of information given to a person (non-verbal, verbal). The researcher wants to answer the following question.
Is there a difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal)

Hypothesis
In order to answer the question, the researcher created a testable hypothesis. The following are the hypotheses for the research.

Null hypothesis There is no difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal).

Alternative Hypothesis There is at least one difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal).

II. Methods
The experiment is done in a class consisting of 20 subjects. The class is divided in to three groups consisting of five members each. Thus, three samples with size 5 are obtained from the 20 subjects. Each group is given different information. The first group is given word information. The second group is given picture information. And, the last group is given both word and picture information. The memory recognition scores is obtained using yes-no recognition procedure. The scores of the correct answers of the subjects were recorded. The recorded scores are then used in order to analyze the existence of dual coding theory in memory recognition of a person.

After obtaining the memory recognition scores, the researcher used descriptive statistics in order to summarize the data. On the other hand, statistical analysis is used to test for the hypothesis of the research. Particularly, the researcher used One-way analysis of variance. One-way analysis of variance is used to determine if there is a difference between the mean of three groups (Howell, 2008). In conjunction with one-way analysis of variance, the researcher conducted a post hoc test in order to determine where the differences lie when the result is significant.

III. Results
One-way analysis of variance is conducted in order to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal). The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the F-statistic is less than 0.05 significance level. Otherwise, the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting one-way analysis of variance, the following results will be obtained.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics
NMeanStd. DeviationStd. ErrorWord55.00002.828431.26491Picture54.00001.58114.70711Word and Picture58.00001.00000.44721Total155.66672.52605.65222 From the table, one can see that the mean memory recognition for the group given with word information is 5. The value means that the average memory recognition score of a person given with word information is 5. One can see that the mean memory recognition for the group given with picture information is 4. The value means that the average memory recognition score of a person given with picture information is 4. Lastly, one can see that the mean memory recognition for the group given with word and picture information is 8. The value means that the average memory recognition score of a person given with word and picture information is 8. The standard deviations for the three groups are 2.8284, 1.5811 and 1 respectively. The values mean that there is an average spread of 2.8284, 1.5811 and 1 respectively from their corresponding mean memory recognition scores.

Table 2
ANOVA table
Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Between Groups43.333221.6675.652.019Within Groups46.000123.833Total89.33314 From the table, one can see that the F-statistic value is equal to 5.652. The corresponding probability value of the F-statistic is 0.019. Since the p-value of the F-statistic is less than 0.05 significance level, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the memory recognition of a person when exposed to different types of information (verbal, non-verbal).

Post Hoc analysis of the data is conducted in order to determine where the difference lie between the three obtained mean memory recognition scores. Specifically, the researcher used Tamhanes T2 test in order to determine where the differences lie between the three mean memory performances scores. The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. After conducting Tamhanes T2 test, the researcher obtained the following results.

Table 3
Tamhanes T2 Test
 (I) Information Given(J) Information GivenMean Difference (I-J)Std. ErrorSig.95 Confidence IntervalLower BoundUpper BoundWordPicture1.000001.44914.886-3.67125.6712Word and Picture-3.000001.34164.210-7.72651.7265PictureWord-1.000001.44914.886-5.67123.6712Word and Picture-4.00000.83666.007-6.6341-1.3659Word and PictureWord3.000001.34164.210-1.72657.7265Picture4.00000.83666.0071.36596.6341. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. From the table, one can see that the difference between word and picture memory recognition mean scores is not significant at 0.05 significance level (T2  1.00, p  0.886). On the other hand, the difference between mean memory score of a person given picture information and a person given both word and picture information is significant at 0.05 significance level (T2  4.00, p  0.007). Lastly, the difference between mean memory score of a person given word information and a person given both word and picture information is significant at 0.05 significance level (T2  3.00, p  0.210).

IV. Discussion
The researcher found an evidence to say that there is at least one difference that exists between the average memory recognition based on different information given (verbal, non-verbal). In addition, the researcher found an evidence to say that there is a difference between the mean memory recognition of a person given picture information and a person given both picture and word information. On the other hand, the researcher found no evidence to say that the difference between mean recognition of a person given word information and a person given picture information is too large to be explained by chance. Thus, the researcher is confident to say that a person given by either a word or picture information has no effect to the persons memory recognition. While, a person given both word and picture information has an effect to the memory recognition of a person.