Psychology

1. Rene Descartespostulated that the self perceives its own body due to the senses. The individual perceives certain characteristics about shape, size, texture, color and smell. He argued that sensory perception is not enough to understand properly the nature of the things instead, the individual must use his mind (Trull  Phares, 2001). He discarded perception and solely focused on deduction as a appropriate method by which we can come to understand the world. In contrast to the nativist, the empiricist tradition of Berkeley believed that knowledge of the world couldonlybe achieved through direct perception, and conscious awareness of those perceptions was necessary for that perception to exist. He also argued that there were no systems of innate knowledge instead, anything could be learned through experiences (Jensen, 2005).

2.  Memory processes contain 3 different stores the sensory information store (SIS), the short-term store (STS), and the long-term store (LTS) and 3 processes such as encoding, maintenance and retrieval. The sensory information(from ears, eyes etc.) enters the Sensory Information Store (SIS) and iseither paid attention to or ignored (Higbee, 2001). The ignored information does not last verylong. The new perceptual quickly writes over the old process sometimes. Once the information is processed in, it is being encoded into the short-term store (STS) with a limited storage capacity. Long-term memory store large quantity of data and canmaintain that information for very long periods of time. It can holds manytypes of information including events, facts, motor and perceptualskills, spatial models of familiar environments and knowledge of physical laws (Botella, 2009).

Memory Process
3. Self-esteem reflects the individuals overall appraisal or evaluation of his or her own worth. It is reflected in their behavior, such as in shyness, assertiveness, confidence or caution. Psychologists agreed that self-esteem changes across life span depending on the persons enduring personality characteristic (Satir, 2001). Abraham Maslow, regarded self-esteem in his theory about hierarchy of needs in two different forms the need for respect from others and the need for self-respect. Without the fulfillment of this need, individuals drive to seek it and unable to obtain self-actualization (Botella, 2009).

4. The key steps are necessary in the process of learning to read involves three processes first phase involves the distinguishing of the different shapes of characters. The individual has to learn to understand from the left to the right side the visual-spatial aspects is very important. The second phase is about sign and sign connections and able to read spelling. The third phase includes building up of knowledge of regularities in the written language the recognition through quick and effective ways. Most school uses reading effective promotion of reading process through early reading or pattern books utilization that take requires a great deal of skill (Biggs  Telfer, 1987).