Psychology

Adlerian approach focuses on the individual self of a person, his distinctive characteristics and unique personality as an object and proactive member of society.  The individual self interacts and is an element of society through communicative interaction it is developed by the creation and preservation of social relationship, which social relationship is rooted on a filial interaction and communication.  In this regard, Adler views the individual self as an object, an element of the community and takes an active part through social interaction which in the event of such interaction, the self is more enhanced and developed instead of losing its personalityidentity.  In the course of social interaction, the individual self creates and becomes more conscious of its existence, thus, the individual develops a sense of consciousness of his own self with society playing an important role in its evolution and development.  Social interest is the pinnacle of Adlers theory.  Having these as premises, Watts (2003) opined that Adlerian approach is properly labeled as relational constructivism in nature, one which is situated between cognitive constructivist and social constructionist.
For purposes of Adlerian therapy, the positive aspect of it is that a client who seeks for therapy is never considered sick instead he is considered to have lost the encouragement, the individual self capacity having been overloaded with societal influential elements.  The client thus is required to reconstruct his sense or consciousness of his individuality through societal and communicative relationships.  In the course of the therapy, Adler emphasizes the enhancement of the relationship between the client and the therapist as a start.  As such, he promotes the inclusion in the therapy of the following
sense of cooperation            e. optimism
sense of collaboration            f. respect
egalitarianism                g. value of sharing.
mutualityh. sense of religiosityspirituality.
In particular, the client must establish a sense of trust to his therapist.  This aims to develop and encourage the sense of trust by the client to his interactive world.  Happiness or sense of satisfaction and contentment is achieved through the cooperation and collaboration of the client (self) to society. 
    Adlerian approach explicitly and implicitly recognizes the importance of ones God (sense of religiosity).  Clients who are atheists (who are not uncommon) would in effect be taken a back.   The therapy must be programmed in accordance to the personality of the client in the first place.  It should not be made to apply across all types of clients.  Second, the emphasis of the self being an active elementpart of society might not necessarily enhance the clients ability to encourage his act of knowing more and becoming more conscious of himself in the optimistic side.  The individuality of the self might be taken for granted.  Third, too much involvement and interactive approach of the therapist may cause a negative impact on the clients ability to enhance his self-awareness or consciousness. 
    However, it is of personal view that Adlerian approach be adopted for certain personality types only.  In the therapy process, it should be encouraged that the client learns to acknowledge his positive sense of being in relation to the world he lives in.  This would be a tacit recognition of the important role he plays in the community. 

Person-centered Therapy
The person-centered theory advocated by Rogers is reflective of the humanistic approach of therapy.  The humanistic approach views people as capable, autonomous, with the ability to resolve their difficulties, realize their potential, and change their lives in positive ways (Seligman, 2006). 
In the course of the therapy, therapists are to establish a growth promoting climate for the client.  In view of the humanistic approach, the therapist does not play an active role towards the clients rehabilitation and regaining his sense of self.  Instead, the client is free to make the decisions and ascertain his direction towards self-actualization.  The client plays an active role in view of transformation the therapist must thus develop the sense of empathy rather than sympathy.  In this regard, the process must allow the client to increase his level of self-esteem, high level of sense of worth, both being achieved through unconditional positive regard.  In particular, in order to develop a growth promoting climate for the client, therapists must endeavor to enhance congruence, unconditional positive regard and acceptance, empathy and reflection of feelings.
In congruence, the therapist must be able to position himself, his reactions and responses in accordance with the feelings and emotional struggle of the client.  The behavioral reactions for example must be in accordance to the words of empathy or unconditional positive enforcements uttered.  On the other hand, the therapists must unconditionally point out the positive aspects or characteristics of the client.  This would enhance the clients self-esteem that his acts are unconditionally rewarded and recognized.  Unfavorable behavior of the client must not be responded with disagreement, but must be countered with a genuine concern on the client.   Meanwhile, empathy is the act of understanding the situation of the client, without having to feel sorry for him.  The client is allowed to further express his emotions and actively cope from emotional distressstruggle. 
In practice, it is personally opined to give unconditional positive regard to the client.  In this way, he would be allowed to realize for himself what is good of himself which is worthy to be enhanced.  Self-actualization would be best enhanced whenever he is allowed to appreciate his sense of self, his sense of well-being. 
The combination of person-centered therapy with other techniques must not veer away with the active role of the client towards self-actualization.  This may entail for example a greater involvement of the therapist.  But in the course thereof, the client must be allowed to determine for himself his ways of coping and his decisions be highly regarded, the therapist merely be limited at expressing his concerns in case his disagrees with the client. 
Gestalt Therapy
In gestalt approach, the self is viewed as the integration of the surrounding factors generated by the environmentalfield of wherein one is in.  The self is then the offshoot of the complex interaction of these factors (Yontef and Fairfield, 2005).  
In the case of Allie having gotten herself impregnated and abandoned by her boyfriend, she must be subjected to both awareness focusing and loosening and integrating techniques.  Awareness focusing allows her to accept the fact of change in her relationship with her boyfriend.  This goes with the bracketing of assumptions, probable consequences and an outline of courses of actions that should be taken upon the happening of certain events.  The awareness of the fact of change would help facilitate the coping process of accepting the new gestalt, the new experience, the new environment and adjust to it.   In gestalt approach, the acceptance is the initial stage for change.  Acceptance of the fact of breaking up will thus open towards adapting a new environment for instance of being a single mom or abortion as the case may be.    Moreover, the adjustment and coping are more facilitated when combined with the loosening and integrating techniques.  The impregnation and subsequent realization of being left in the relationship would facilitate the modification of the perceived self.  The loosening technique allows Allie to vary her imagination and perception of what she thinks her parents perception of her.  This changes what she believes to be true of herself based on what she thinks her parents perceived her to be.  Corollary to loosening is the integration technique.  It allows the client to integrate, to adapt to what she previously disregarded about herself.  In effect, this opens to change of paradigm, of perception or of knowledge about oneself. 
The feelings of anxiety, aloneness and feeling of guilt may be transformed to an optimistic view of Allies self through expression and enactment techniques.  She must be able to express her emotions and fears to her environment (in this particular case, her family and immediate friends).  Expression brings about more communicative interaction with her world, and her world being able to adjust to the change in her condition.  Her psychological problems are better resolved by a concurrent change in her perception and that of her fieldenvironment. 
Behavior Therapy
The theoretical foundations of the different behavioral therapy are summarized below as follows
Classical conditioning.  In classical conditioning, an unconditional stimulus (UCS) creates an unconditional response (UCR).  When the UCS is paired with neutral stimulus (NS) to obtain the UCR, and the process is repeated to the point that the NS alone produces the UCR, the NS becomes a conditioned response (CS).
Operant conditioning.  The learned responses are the by-product of the consequences of the act.  Behavioral learning takes place when the act and the consequences of such act are repeatedly obtained.  Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in the learning process and likewise in the therapy process. 
Social learning.  This is also called modeling technique.  An individual learns from his observation of the learning process of another.  The learning process here is an extension of both classical and operant conditioning in that in whatever way the model learns, either through classical or operant conditioning, the former learns by observing and copying from the latter. 
Cognitive Trend.  The cognitive trend focuses on what is in the present (time).  This is premised on the concept that thoughts influence ones feelings and emotions.  In particular, the process aims to alter what a person does and how he thinks helping such person to cope with lifes emotional or psychological struggles through behavioral techniques. 
Systematic desensitization is a behavioral treatment commonly used in eliminating phobias.  In this treatment, the stimulus-response relationship, such as the fear generated by the stimulus creating the fear, is weakened, to the end that the stimulus would no longer create fear in the mind of the clientpatient.  For instance, a client who fears flying a lot may overcome the same.  First, the client must learn to counter her fear of heights.  Flying entails being in a certain height and dropping therefrom.  Second, modeling technique may be used.  Videos, pictures or actual observation may be used to model other people flying in planes, without them being harmed or put to danger after having flown.  The psychological process is actually coupled with cognitive trend, an understanding of the consequences of the stimulus.  Constant exposure to this scenario without having the models being harmed reduces the relationship between the stimulus and the consequent fear created.  Lastly, the client must be accompanied in flying in planes himself.  A repeated positive experience (without having been harmed) would now eliminate the fear previously had.