Psychology

This study centers on how the memory for temporal order relates with the advancement of age and maturity.  We are about to make a research on whether or not the memory for temporal order decreases as time advances.  Ten participants answered the questionnaire specifically two are within the range of 11-20 years old two are from 21-30 years old two are from 31-40 years old two are from 41-50 years old and finally, two are from 51-60 years old.  The interviewee would be asked regarding their state of health, their state of activity, and whether they are stressed out or not.

The influential model of temporal order in long-term memory indicates that long-term preservation of order information makes inhibitory connections from the representations of earlier items in the list to the representations of later list items.  Earlier items would be less inhibited than later items, but the question however is whether or not temporal order depend on age and maturity, especially that the role of the medial prefrontal cortex and cortex perirhinal appears to be evident in this case.  Sleep enforces the temporal order in memory (Drosopoulos, Windau, Wagner  Born, 2007, p.1), which indicates one of the details that should be addressed vehemently, since sleep alters with the advancement in age and maturity.  For most of the time, the time of sleep reduces with the advancement in age and maturity.
This is a research paper that looks in detail at the subject of memory for temporal order. Here we will look at what temporal order is and the factors that influence it. We are also going to look at the other activities that involve the mind i.e. intention, memory and vision. Additionally, it will highlight on the role of the medial prefrontal cortex and perirhinal cortex, the role of passage of time and how it affects memory and the involvement of some parts of the body in matters to do with memory. More importantly, I would also like to establish whether age and maturity influences the memory capacity of an individual. Alongside this, I intend to find out whether sleep alters the memory capacity in any way.
This study centers on how the memory for temporal order relates with the advancement of age and maturity.  We are about to make a research on whether or not the memory for temporal order decreases as time advances.  Through this research, the writer intends to accomplish the answers to whether or not temporal order depends extremely on age and maturity.

This is an important research because it explains why some people behave the way they do in terms of memory and helps psychologists to establish what the best course of action is. This research needs to be conducted since the additional knowledge would be very helpful for people who need answers regarding the memory for temporal order.  More generally, people who have trouble remembering order information need some answers on why they tend to forget items that are in the list of representations in their brain.  They need to know whether or not age and maturity have a lot to do with the decrease in their memory, or if it highly depends on health and brain formation in the uterus.

Method
In conducting the research, I intend to include both primary and secondary research.  Primary research would include 10 questionnaires two are within the range of 11-20 years old two are from 21-30 years old two are from 31-40 years old two are from 41-50 years old and finally, two are from 51-60 years old.  The interviewee would be asked regarding their state of health, their state of activity, and whether they are stressed out or not.  As for the secondary research, it would include literature review of some of the scientific papers that can be taken in the library, such as the papers that Drosopoulos et.al. (2007) wrote entitled Sleep Enforces the Temporal Order in Memory, as well as the paper written by Gareth Barker, Flora Bird, Victoria Alexander, and Clea Warburton (2007) entitled Recognition Memory for Objects, Place, and Temporal Order A Disconnection Analysis of the Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Perirhinal Cortex.  Several research methodologies are to be used in determining the answers to the main question.

Literature Review
To start with is the definition of memory temporal order which is the sequence of arrangement of information. There are two ways of looking at memory, the first is the object being remembered and secondly the action itself. Mental events and the amount of time between them is what create the temporal aspect of memory. When there is an intention to do something the intentional object is not yet actualized, while in memory or in the act of remembering the object of intention has already been actualized (Chiba et al, .1994).  Vision is also another aspect of the mind which involves some parts of the body. It is about the neural circuitry, corcels in the retina of the eye and the aspects of the environment in case of color perception (Allison, 2006). Whereas visual perceptions can only be explained by the physical dimensions surrounding the object, memory on the contrary is explained by the temporal gap (Chiba et al., 1994).

Memory can either be semantic or episodic. Semantic memory is whereby we remember what we have gone through mentally e.g. desires or hallucinations while episodic memory is where we remember things that have happened to us. What brings the difference between semantic and episodic memory is the manner of storage of the object of memory or what aspect of the object is encoded.(Jung-In Kwon, 2004, p.3).

Memory has mainly two arms the state of the actual event to be remembered and the actual act of remembering. There are two dimensions of temporal memory episodic memory and semantic memory. A temporal lapse that is experienced during the act of remembering purely takes place during the mental events and not under the stimulus of external events. The temporal sequence represents one of the main principles that underlie episodic type of memory (Chiba, A.A., R.P. Kesner,  A.M. Reynolds, 1994).  Memory can be said to be intrinsically past the directed process just in the same way that intention is an intrinsically future directed mental process. Direction here refers to the temporal orientation of the mind that is in relation to the object of intention (Earhart, K. M., Middlemist, D.,  Hopkins, W. E. (1993).  When one is intending to do something, the intentional object is usually not yet actualized but when one is remembering the intentional object is supposed to have already been actualized (Chiba et al., 1994). Just like the physical dimensions become part of the psychological explanation for the visual perception so it is with the temporal gap that is experienced with memory (Chiba et al., 1994). As vision is intrinsically spatial, memory is temporal such that the mental phenomenon of memory may not be understood without having to pay attention to spatial contingencies and temporal lapse (Anastas, J. W., Gibeau, J. L.,  Larson, P. J., 1990)

As a constituent of memory, temporal dimension does include the encoding of the first data as well as the selective retrieval of any stored data. It is this complex interplay that is experienced between these very specific psychological processes that a good explanation of the temporal dimensions of memory can be obtained (Kesner et al., 1994). One of the keys to understanding memory is by giving a good explanation of the subjective experience of a lapse in time that is not necessarily conscious. Of main interest here is the role that this passage of time plays in memory and not so much of whether the temporal lapse does affect the memory or not (Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1997). The storage and retrieval of memory in humans follows several sequences some of which are distinct and clear while others are not. One of those keys used in understanding memory is by being in a position to give a good explanation of once subjective experience such as a lapse of time without necessarily being conscious about it (Christopher  Martin, 2004).

Such questions as to how vision can be explained without having to take into account the role of spatial contingencies emerge (Block, 1990). A good example is color perception. This is often an interaction between various parts of the body such as neural circuitry, cone cells in the retina of the eye, and the aspects of the environment such as the reflection properties of the physical surface as well as the wavelength of the reflected light (Celia, 2004)). Though seeing color does take time, the intricate perceptual and the neural activities take real time and though this be the case, the temporal magnitude of the event does not become an important part of the entire process. In this regard therefore, though the act of remembering does take place in neural and perceptual architecture, spatial magnitude does not play any role in the understanding of memory (Allison, 2006).

Findings from studies carried out on the role of the perirhinal cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex suggest that both of these organs, through some kind of interaction, are useful in the retrieval of information that is useful in the temporal order memory of long term objects. (Darren K. Hannesson, John G. Howland, and Anthony G. Phillips, 2004). Further the studies imply that only the perirhinal cortex contributes to retrieval of information necessary for long-term object recognition. Another organ that affects memory is the hiccompus. The Hippocampus influences the manner in which information is stored and the sequence that is followed. Elements in the sequence are bound together in heteroassociative networks so that an individual is able to remember events as they happen. Without this part of the body an individual cannot be able to remember the things that happen immediately, he can only remember the things that happened a long time ago before the hippocampus was destroyed (Drosopoulos et al., 2007).This explains why some accident victims with head injuries are not able to remember things that are happening to them seconds and minutes away from the time of the accident, and yet can remember things that happen long before the accident since by then the hippocampus was in perfect shape.

Advancement of age and maturity definitely comes with such problems as memory difficulties which can be as a result of the altering of either short-term or long-term memory storage. According to Sekuler, Mc Laughlin, Kahana, Wingfield Yotsumoto age related changes do not make the dimensions of short-term memory to be equally vulnerable. Vulnerability of source memory also increases with age and more specifically short-term memory (2006, p.633).

Results
In the events that come about in peoples lives, there is generally increased difficulty with memory, with the advancement of age and maturity, when discussing short-term and long-term memory storage.  It is evident that not all dimensions of short-term memory are equally vulnerable to age-related changes (Sekuler, McLaughlin, Kahana, Wingfield  Yotsumoto, 2006, p.633).  However, source memory appears to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging, especially with regards to short-term memory.